英语A级语法.ppt

英语A级单选&填空高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.虚拟语气虚拟语气4.时态时态14.词形转换词形转换2.定语从句定语从句3.状语从句状语从句11.倒装句倒装句12.强调句强调句8.比较级和最高级比较级和最高级6.分词作状语分词作状语7.分词作定语分词作定语10.同位语同位语9.先行词先行词 it 15.词组词组5.被动语态被动语态13.动词动词+-ing/-to do 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法虚拟语气概念：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。考点：1.由if引导的虚拟条件句 If 从句从句 主句主句表表示示对对现现在在情情况的假设况的假设 过去式did(*be动词用were)should/would do*表表示示对对过过去去情况的假设情况的假设had doneshould/would/might/could have done高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法注意：如果连接词if省略，从句中的助动词（had）要移到主语之前，形成部分倒装。练习题：1.If he had taken the lawyers advice,he(save)_ himself a great deal of trouble.2.He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he(take)_ part in that activity with the team.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3._ last Friday,he would have got to Paris.A.Would he leave B.Had he left C.If he is to leave D.If he was leaving 4.If I(be)_ you,I would not miss the job interview tomorrow morning.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法考点：2.在表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中,分句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原型。（1）用在demand,insist（坚持）,order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest等动词之后的that-分句中。Be-Be-型虚拟语气型虚拟语气高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法（2）用在advisable（可取的、明智的）,desirable（称心合意的）,essential（必要的、必 不 可 少 的）,important,impossible,necessary,proper等形容词后的that-分句中。（3）用 在 decision,demand,order,requirement（需要）等名词后的that-分句中。高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法练习题：1.The representative of the company demanded that part of the agreement _ revised.A.will be B.is C.to be D.be2.It is suggested that the president of the Union(make)_ a speech on behalf of all the workers.3.It is important that he(be)_ called back immediately.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法考点：3.“情态动词+完成时态”的不同用法（1）*should have done 表示“应当做某事（但是没有做）”shouldnt have done sth 表示“本不应该做某事（而做了）”（2）must have done 对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，表示“一定做了某事”。否定形式是“couldnt have done”（3)neednt have done sth 表示“本没必要做某事（却做了）”（4)would like to have done sth 表示“本打算做某事（却没做）”高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.This ATM has been out of service for a few days.It should _ last week.A.fix B.be fixed C.have fixed D.have been fixed2.Jack must _(go)away-we can not find him anywhere in the factory.练习题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3Tom _ the party as no one saw him there yesterday morning.A.can not attendB.mustnt attend C.wont have attendedD.couldnt have attended表示“严禁”高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法考点：4、其他特殊句式（1）Its high time that That从句常用到虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式，表示“到了该做的时候了！”练习题：I think it is high time we _(take)strict measures to stop pollution.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法（2）wish,would rather(sooner)后的宾语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用法a.过去式(did)表示当时未实现的愿望b.过去完成时(had done)表示过去未实现的愿望c.过 去 将 来 时(would do)表示将来不大可能实现的愿望高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法v一、形容词性从句概要v定义：形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。v结构：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面，由关系词引导。v先行词+关系词+定语从句形容词性从句定语从句高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.Here is a boy,and he damaged the vase.Here is the boy(who damaged the vase).先行词先行词关系代词（作主语）关系代词（作主语）2.My cousin is an engineer,and he went to Europe last week.My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.先行词先行词关系代词（作主语）关系代词（作主语）高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法二、定语从句的分类限制性关系分句限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句1限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不不可可分分割割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行项的名词（词组）便不能明确不能明确表示其所指对象。非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比比较较松松散散的联系，因此，如果省略一个非限制性关系分句，并不影响不影响先行项的所指意义。2在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号不用逗号。在口语中有停顿，在书写中常常用用逗逗号隔开号隔开。3Here is the boy who damaged the vase.My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法限制性关系分句限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句指指 人人指指 物物指人指人指物指物作作主主语语who that which thatwho/whom/whosewhich 作作宾宾语语whom/who/that/zero which/that/zero 作介作介词补词补足成足成分分whom which 定语从句中关系定语从句中关系代词代词的选择的选择 成分成分关系关系代词代词高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法定语从句中关系定语从句中关系副词副词的选择的选择 1.when 表示时间2.where表示地点3.why表示原因它们在定语从句中都充当状语成分状语成分。高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The advertising company recently hired a designer _D_ had once won a prize in a national contest.A.whose B.which C.whom D.who 2.It is important to provide an environment _C_ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company.A.from which B.on which C.in which D.for which 练习题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3.Once more I have to leave Beijing,_B_ I have been living for eight years.A.that B.where C.which D.as 4.There is no evidence _B_ oil price will come down in the near future.（同位语）A.which B.that C.where D.as高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法5.It was not such a good job _C_ she had read about in the advertisement.A.like B.which C.as D.whatsuch that引导的是“结果状语从句”高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法状语从句状语从句1.时间状语从句时间状语从句当当时候时候when,while,as在在之前之前before 在在之后之后after一一就就as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant直到直到直到直到才才until/tillnot until/till词例词例含义含义高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday.A.until B.because C.if D.since2.They had talked only for a few minutes _ they found they were of different opinions.A.unless B.while C.before D.once 3.I will ask Mr.Smith to ring you up _ he comes back to the office.A.when B.where C.because D.although 主将从现只出现在主将从现只出现在时间状语从句和条时间状语从句和条件状语从句中件状语从句中高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法4.They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa.A.will comeB.is comingC.cameD.comes高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法类别类别词例词例2条件状语从句条件状语从句if 如果如果unless 除非，若不除非，若不3原因状语从句原因状语从句because 因为因为since 既然既然4让步状语从句让步状语从句though/although 虽然虽然even if/though 即使即使5结果状语从句结果状语从句so+a./ad.+that 如此如此以至于以至于6目的状语从句目的状语从句so thatin order that in case以免、以防万一以免、以防万一lest免得免得目的是目的是高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法5.He was attending a meeting,_ he would have come to your party yesterday.A.unless B.when C.but D.or 6.She did not go to the party last night,_ she had to finish her term paper.A.if B.though C.till D.because7.Young _ he is,he has proved to be an able salesman.A.that B.who C.as D.whichasas构成的让步状语从句：构成的让步状语从句：名词词组名词词组/形容词形容词+as+as+主语主语+谓语谓语尽管他是个孩子，他对软件编程却直到很多。Child as he is,he knows much about software programming.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法一般时态一般时态进行时态进行时态完成时态完成时态完成进行时态完成进行时态现现在在writewritesam is arehashavehas have过过去去wrotewaswere had written had been writing将将来来shallwillshallwillshallwillshallwill过过去去将将来来shouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldwritingwritten been writingwritingwritebewritinghavewritten have been writing writebewritinghavewritten have been writing 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法 现在完成时现在完成时has/have done用法用法已完成已完成未完成未完成动动作作或或过过程程发发生生在在说说话话之之前前某某个个没没有有明明确确说说出出的的过过去去时时间间，现现在在已已完完成并和现在情况联系。成并和现在情况联系。是是指指动动作作或或状状态态从从过过去去某某时时开开始始继继续续到到现现在在，可能继续下去可能继续下去.例句例句e.g.Hes turned off the light.e.g.Hes lived here since 1960.注释注释灯灯在在一一个个过过去去时时间间被被关关掉，说话时仍然关着。掉，说话时仍然关着。他他从从19601960年年来来到到这这里里居居住，至今还住在这里。住，至今还住在这里。高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系在时间不发生联系-表示过去的过去。表示过去的过去。e.g.She told me her name after I had asked(ask)her twice.(p67-4-6)过去完成时过去完成时 had done现在现在她告诉我她的名字她告诉我她的名字我问她的名字我问她的名字dodidhad done高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法 现在完成（进行）时经常与现在完成（进行）时经常与since-since-词组或词组或since-since-分句分句连用，表示连用，表示“自某时以来自某时以来”一直进行或者未进行一直进行或者未进行某项活动。某项活动。主句（现在完成时主句（现在完成时/现在完成进行时），现在完成进行时），since-since-从句从句（一般过去时）（一般过去时）e.g.I e.g.I have livedhave lived in the dormitory,since in the dormitory,since I I arrivedarrived here.here.现在完成时现在完成时一般过去时一般过去时自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。Since-结构高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法by the end of by the timev By the end of By the time到时候为止表示将来时间的表示将来时间的词组或分句词组或分句，主句时态（主句时态（will have done)1.By the end of next month,we(find)_ a good solution to the technical problem.2.By the time you come to see me next month,I _ my term paper.A.have completed B.complete C.am completing D.will have completed高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法It is/will be+the first time that 分句（现在完成时）（现在完成时）e.g.Is this the first time youve come to China?It was the first time that 分句（过去完成体）（过去完成体）e.g.It was the second time I had been(be)abroad.“It is the first time+that It is the first time+that 分句分句”中的使中的使用用Back这是你第一次来中国吗？这是你第一次来中国吗？这是我第二次出国这是我第二次出国高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法Over vThank you 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法不定式作状语*（）表示目的 e.g.We will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.（）表示结果 e.g.He hurried home only to find that his grandfather was dead.（）表示原因 e.g.He was lucky to have found the lost child.分词作状语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法-ing分词作状语（）作时间状语 e.g.（When we were)Climbing to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.（）*作原因状语 e.g.Having worked hard all day,I was ready for bed all day.（）*作伴随状语 e.g.He ran up to her,breathing heavily.表示主动高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法-ed分词作状语(1)*作时间状语 e.g.(When it is)Heated,the metal expands.(2)*作原因状语 e.g.(Because he was)Deeply moved,he thanked her again and again.表示被动高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers.A.attract B.attractedC.to attract D.attracts2._ by the failure of the project,the manager could hardly say a word.A.To be shocked B.ShockedC.Be shocked D.Shocking练习题：练习题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3._that I was not going to get much chance for promotion,I soon became bored with my work.A.To realize B.RealizingC.Being realized D.Realized4._ up at the clock on the wall,the secretary found it was already midnight.A.Looking B.LookC.To look D.Looked 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法5._ to find the proper job,he decided to give up job-hunting in this city.A.Failed B.Being failedC.To fail D.Having failed6.The research group has submitted a report,(suggest)_ reforms to be made.7.When(ask)_ about the advertising campaign of the new product,the manager said it was a great success.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法分词作定语-ing（现在）分词和-ed（过去）分词作定语的主要差别在于：1.现在分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词，即与名词有主谓关系)和进行”。e.g.There are a lot of fans hoping for a glimpse of the movie stars.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法2.过去分词表示“被动(过去分词修饰的是承受该动作的名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。e.g.Computers imported from abroad are usually more expensive.e.g.A lost opportunity never returns.注：单个分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法不定式作定语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.Writing B.written C.to write D.to be written 2.The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success.A.holding B.being heldC.to hold D.to be held练习题：练习题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3.With the help of the police,the woman finally found her(lose)_ child after a sleepless.4.It was in his childhood that he read most of the books(write)_ by Mark Twain.5.The tall building(complete)_ last month is our new classroom building.6.Finally the woman found her(lose)_ child with the help of the police.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化kindkinderkindestclearclearerclearestcomplicated more complicated most complicated clevercleverermore clevercleverestmost cleverhappyhappierhappiestnarrownarrowernarrowestfastfasterfastestclearlymore clearlymost clearly wiselymore wiselymost wisely 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法bad/badlyworseworstgood/wellbetterbestoldolder/elderoldest/eldestfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestmuch/many moremostlittlelesslest形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.Successful companies concentrate(much)_ on selling their products to their existing customers than to their new ones.2.The guest paid(little)_ money than he should for the room.3.The price of petrol is much(high)_ now than it was this time last year.填空题：填空题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法先行词先行词 it it充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词或名词性分句。形式主语1._ is reported in the newspapers that the talks between the two companies have not made any progress.A.That B.What C.It D.As高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法练习题：3.They regard _ as their duty to provide the best service for their customers.A.this B.what C.it D.that形式宾语2.It is my great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony.A.to invite B.inviting C.having invited D.to be invited 高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法4.I do not think it necessary(discuss)_ the matter with him before the problem is settled.Keys:1.C2.D3.C4.to discuss高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法v同位语从句 同位语从句通常用that引导，且that在从句中不充当任何成分，是对名词的内容进行解释说明.可用同位语从句修饰的名词有：news,fact,idea,promise,question,doubt,hope,evidence,suggestion,thought,message等。高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.The message _ Mr.Black was elected chairman of the committee arrived just in time.A.which B.what C.that D.how2.News came from the sales manager _ the new product had been selling well in the local market for three months.A.whose B.what C.which D.that练习题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法倒装倒装（Inversion）概念概念例句例句部分部分倒装倒装操操作作词词（即即助助动动词词e.g.have/has/had,did/do/does等等）置置于于主主语语之前。之前。我我认认为为这这几几乎乎是是不不可可能能的。的。I Hardly thought it possible.Hardly did I think it possible.全部全部倒装倒装是指主语和谓语的位置完是指主语和谓语的位置完全颠倒，即整个谓语置于全颠倒，即整个谓语置于主语之前。主语之前。Under the tree were sitting a group of children.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法 I.部分倒装(Partial Inversion)(1)当句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起部分倒装e.g.few,little,never,hardly,rarely,scarcely,seldom,no soonerthan,Hardlywhen,not onlybut also,*not until,by no means 等.应用：应用：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法1.Little they realized that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.2.Rarely we have seen a person with such bad temper.Little did they realize that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.Rarely have we seen a person with such bad temper.改错题：改错题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法(2)句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”。“only+状语分句”构成，也引起部分倒装。只有当你亲自去做的时候，才能明白这项工作室多么艰苦。OnlyOnly when you do it yourself can you understand how hard the work is.翻译题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法（3).“So+副词副词 that （部分倒装）（部分倒装）”“So+形容词形容词 that （全部倒装）（全部倒装）”选择题：So_ after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night.A.excited the mother was B.was the mother excitedC.the mother was excitedD.excited was the mother高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法The workmen finished their work so quick that they were giving a bonus.So quickdid the workmen finish theirwork that they were giving a bonus.句型转换：句型转换：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法句型结构：It is(was)+强调成分(除谓语成分）+that(who)+句子（原句中的剩余部分）.当被强调的部分指“人”时，that可换作who。句子的开头用it is还是it was，通常取决于其后从句的谓语动词是现在时还是过去时。强调句强调句:高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法（P124-6-1）她建议我们去图书馆。是她建议我去图书馆。She suggested we go to the library.It was she that/who suggested we go to the library.1.强调主语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法我们的英语老师送给我一本字典。我们的英语老师送给我的是这本字典。Our English gave me a dictionary.It was this dictionary that our English gave me.2.强调宾语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法我上周接到通知。我是在上周接到通知的。I got the notice last week.It was last week that I got the notice.3.强调状语高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法It was not until the accident happened _ .(2001年6月A级)A.when I realized my carelessness B.that I realized my carelessness C.as I realized my carelessness D.when my carelessness has been realized选择题：选择题：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法You worked very hard yesterday.那如何强调谓语呢？You did work very hard yesterday.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法动词+-ing/-to do 1.*只能带-ing分词的动词 这类动词常见的有：avoid,admit,cant help,consider,dislike,dont mind,imagine,include,(enjoy,finish,give up).2.只能带不定式的动词 这类动词常见的有：agree,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,prepare,promise,refuse.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法3.既能直接带-ing又能带-to do的动词 （1）意义无甚区别 这类动词常见的有：attempt,begin,continue,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,require,start.高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法(2)意义有区别 表一：remember to do sth记得去做某事remember doing sth记得曾经做过的事forget to do sth忘记去做某事forget doing sth忘记曾经做过的事regret to do sth 对即将要做的事情感到遗憾regret doing sth 后悔曾经做过的事情高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法stop to do sth 停下来做另外一件事情stop doing sth 停止做某事go on to do sth 继续做另外一件事情go on doing sth 继续做某事表二：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法mean to do sth 表示“打算”mean doing sth 表示“意味着”try to do sth 表示“努力、设法”try doing sth 表示“试着”表三：高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法v1.Mr.Smith considered(sell)_ his car and his house before moving to Beijing.（A级）v2.I wondered wh