托福阅读插空题解题技巧市公开课获奖课件省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件.ppt

托福阅读插空题解题技巧主讲人：吴霜400-0123-267资料下载频道1/32两种技巧两种技巧1.指代指代2.逻辑关系逻辑关系400-0123-267资料下载频道2/32指示代词定义：插入句开头用一个指示代词代替出前文已经出现过一些信息，从而到达简化语言目标。做法：利用指代词后面内容在找前文找指代词所指代详细内容。400-0123-267资料下载频道3/32指示代词：thisExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.400-0123-267资料下载频道4/32指示代词：thisParagraph7:Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing.400-0123-267资料下载频道5/32指示代词：thisParagraph3:Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmensuchasLouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,andOrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdisonsformerassistant,WilliamDickson)perfectedprojectiondevices.Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimatetheaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds,andamusementparkstoshowfilmstoamassaudience.WhenthiswidespreaduseofprojectiontechnologybegantohurthisKinetoscopebusiness,EdisonacquiredaprojectordevelopedbyArmatandintroduceditas“Edisonslatestmarvel,theVitascope.400-0123-267资料下载频道6/32指示代词：theseParagraph5:NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEnglandsearthintorelativetemporalsequence.Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor300millionyearslaterintheJurassicstrata,butatrilobitetheubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrianwillneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world400-0123-267资料下载频道7/32指示代词：theseParagraph6:Thediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbyagreatmovementofpeoplewhomayhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablyoriginatedineasternNigeria.Theirmigrationmayhavebeensetinmotionbyanincreaseinpopulationcausedbyamovementofpeoplesfleeingthedesiccation,ordryingup,oftheSahara.Theyspokealanguage,proto-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalanguageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhyandhowthesepeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamystery,butarchaeologistsbelievethattheirironweaponsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneimplements.Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigrationorsimplyrapiddemographicgrowthmayhavealsocausedtheBantuexplosion.These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.400-0123-267资料下载频道8/32指示代词：theseParagraph2:OutflowchannelsareprobablyrelicsofcatastrophicfloodingonMarslongago.Theyappearonlyinequatorialregionsandgenerallydonotformextensiveinterconnectednetworks.Instead,theyareprobablythepathstakenbyhugevolumesofwaterdrainingfromthesouthernhighlandsintothenorthernplains.Theonrushingwaterarisingfromtheseflashfloodslikelyalsoformedtheoddteardrop-shaped“islands”(resemblingtheminiatureversionsseeninthewetsandofourbeachesatlowtide)thathavebeenfoundontheplainsclosetotheendsoftheoutflowchannels.Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormousperhapsasmuchasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.Floodingshapedtheoutflowchannelsapproximately3billionyearsago,aboutthesametimesasthenorthernvolcanicplainsformed.These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.400-0123-267资料下载频道9/32指示代词：thoseTPO30-R1TPO30-R1Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.Dogs,forexample,willwagtheirtails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate“whatfollowsisjustforplay.”Withmessagessuchasthose,evendogsthatarestrangerstoWithmessagessuchasthose,evendogsthatarestrangerstoeachothercanbeplayingwithinafewminutes.eachothercanbeplayingwithinafewminutes.400-0123-267资料下载频道10/32指代：itParagraph3:Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydidnotfossilize.Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanyyears.Itisrelativelyrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.400-0123-267资料下载频道11/32指代：theyModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfinitelyimpressedtothethoroughlydisgusted.Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merequantity.Greecewasoriginal;Rome,derivative.Greecehadstyle;Romehadmoney.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreintellectualRomans.“HadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”TheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.TheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.400-0123-267资料下载频道12/32指代：theyTPO10.3Paragraph6:Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.Bythemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,financiersandtraderscommonlyacceptedbillsofexchangeinplaceofgoldorsilverforothergoods.Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalItaly,werepromissorynotes(writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate)thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.Inthisway,theyprovidedcredit.Atmid-century,anAntwerpfinancieronlyslightlyexaggeratedwhenheclaimed,“0necannomoretradewithoutbillsofexchangethansailwithoutwater.Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygoldandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrency.TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchantsowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.Theycouldalsoavoidhavingtoidentifyandassessthevalueofawidevarietyofcoinsissuedinmanydifferentplaces.400-0123-267资料下载频道13/32指代：otherWhatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree?Fewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyears.Adultsmemoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescanty.Mostpeoplerememberonlyafeweventsusuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive,suchasbeinghospitalizedorasiblingsbirth.OtherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandOtherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings.weddings.400-0123-267资料下载频道14/32指代：otherParagraph2:SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheoriesweredevised.PacificislandersarevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians).Latertheoriesconcentrateonjourneysintheotherdirection.400-0123-267资料下载频道15/32指代：certainParagraph5:Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.400-0123-267资料下载频道16/32指代：thereNearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.400-0123-267资料下载频道17/32逻辑关系词因果转折让步递进并列条件总分（举例&总结）400-0123-267资料下载频道18/321.因果：因：because,becauseof,for,since,as,inthat,nowthat，resultfrom，asaresultof例句：nowthat既然Nowthattheproblemhasbeenidentified,appropriateactioncanbetaken.现在既已找出问题症结，即可采取适当行动Nowthatyouveseenthehouse,Illshowyouthegrounds.屋子你已看过了，我领你参观一下庭园。ThedaysareclosinginnowthatitisSeptember.已是九月了，白天正变得越来越短。例句：asaresultof因为.结果，起因Shediedasaresultofherinjuries.她因为受伤而死亡。Hewasmadekingasaresultofvariousintrigues.因为搞了各种各样阴谋，他当上了国王。Herheartwasslightlydamagedasaresultofherlongillness.久病使她心脏受到一些损伤。400-0123-267资料下载频道19/321.因果：果：leadto,contributeto,sothat,so,thus,therefore,consequently,consequently,resultinresultin，hencehence例句：contributeto有利于，促成Smokingisamajorfactorcontributetocancer.吸烟是致癌一个主要原因。400-0123-267资料下载频道20/32因果Paragraph6:Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.400-0123-267资料下载频道21/32因果AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?ThusThus,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomes,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomesbutbut notnot abouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.abouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.400-0123-267资料下载频道22/32因果Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings,it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period,when the herds of game were decreasing.Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.400-0123-267资料下载频道23/322.转折：but,however,yet(然而),whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,unlike,infact,actually弱转，onthecontary,contraryto，conversely例题1：Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunitysresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.400-0123-267资料下载频道24/32例题2：Paragraph5:ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswater.Paragrapsuppliesh6:Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipeline