大学英文写作(第二版)课件电子教案.ppt

Unit 1 PunctuationOBJECTIVESlTo be able to:lknow the type of English punctuation markslknow the function and usage of English punctuation markslpunctuate accurately CONTENTSlLead-in lCommon English punctuation marks lFunctions and usage of common English punctuation markslTasks 6 and 7 Lead-in What do you know about punctuation to language?Common English Punctuation Marks lWhat English punctuation marks do you know?lHow do they spell?Common English Punctuation Marksl1.Full stop/period(.)l2.Comma(,)l3.Semicolon(;)l4.Colon(:)l5.Question mark(?)l6.Exclamation mark(!)Common English Punctuation Marksl7.Quotation marks(“.”)l8.Apostrophe()l9.Dash()l10.Parentheses()l11.Square brackets()Functions and Usagel1.Full stop(.).Basically three functions and usage:lA.To mark the end of all sentences except l direct questions(?)and exclamations(!)lB.To be used in abbreviations lC.To be used between dollars/cents and l pounds/pence l(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)l Keys to Task 1lViolin Recitala violin recital by Maestro Salvatore Accardo will be held at the Beijing Concert Hall on November 3.Accardo was born in Italy in 1941.His first concert was given when he was 13.At 17 he was awarded the first prize of Concorso Paganini of Geneva.Keys to Task 2lDr.(Hellen)LoundersOct.lProf.Weldon Sept.lB.A.Jan.lM.Ed.Feb.lAve.Mar.lStr.Apr.lp.m.Aug.la.m.Dec.lU.S.A.(USA)p.lChap.i.e.lEd.e.g.lP.L.A.(PLA)No.lU.N.E.S.C.O.(UNESCO)Functions and Usagel 2.Comma(,).Mainly four functions and usage:lA.To join the parts of a compound sentencelB.To prevent a confusing,ambiguous,orl awkward reading lC.To separate a list of words or phrases thatl have the same grammatical use lD.To separate directly or indirectly quoted material l from such speech tags as“He said,She l answered,”and“We replied.l(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)Keys to Function A,The Comma 1)Most writers are considerate enough to avoid the more extreme forms of elliptical expression,but from time to time it will present problems.2)If you are planning to use group work,you must work out how you want to sequence the activity because this may affect the way you prepare your material.3)There is often a cool breeze in the evenings,so dont forget to pack a couple of jerseys.4)Seats can be booked through a ticket agency,or they can be purchased at the theatre.Keys to Function A,The Comma 5)You can go there by bike,or you can also take bus No 11.You can go there by bike.You can also take bus No 11.6)The evening market usually starts at 6:00 p.m.in summer,and it lasts for about six hours.The evening market usually starts at 6:00 p.m.in summer.It lasts for about six hours.Keys to Function A,The Comma7)It may be raining,so take an umbrella.It may be raining.Take an umbrella.8)Group the ideas that you have,and decide on the best order.Group the ideas.Decide on the best order.Keys to Function B,The Comma 9)A few years ago,the World Bank described Chinas social insurance system as“disintegrated.”But now a national scheme combining social and personal responsibilities is being implemented.10)The Three Gorge Dam project,the largest in the world,offers numerous opportunities for foreign companies including American ones.11)Chen Xianyi,deputy director of the Diseases Control Department under the Ministry of Health,says the ministry is drafting national regulations on the management of epidemic reporting for communicable diseases in order to standardize epidemic surveillance,and establish a sound reporting system.Keys to Function C,The Comma 12)He stated that conflict was imminent,that the opponents were well prepared,and that he felt uncertain of victory.13)Besides machinery and electric equipment,10 million tons of steel,timber,cement,coal,ash,oil,and explosives are needed for the project.Keys to Task 3,The Comma 1)Over the past three years,China has absorbed an annual average of$30 billion in foreign funds,and this year the figure will increase to more than$37 billion.2)The engine installed the brakes failed,and the car started to roll backward.3)The steelworkers representative,a foundry man from Humberside,argued for rapid modernization.4)Britain now has a system as advanced as any in the world,and other countries are adopting similar measures.5)The fire having been lit for some time,the room was warm.6)The fire,having been lit for some time,needed more wood.Keys to Task 3,The Comma 7)The new crystals tended to be long,smooth,knife-like forms.8)(No need to add any commas in this sentence)9)It was his spelling,not his punctuation,that he needed to improve.10)It was a letter from my mother,who was worried because I had not written lately.11)Mr.Branston,who is a rather shy man,does not like making speeches.12)Everest,which is the highest mountain in the world,was not climbed until 1953.Functions and Usagel 3.The semicolon(;).Mainly two functions and usage:lA.JoininglB.Listingl(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)Keys to Task 4,The Semicolon 1)Heavy chemicals are essentially those produced in bulk and used in large quantities;fine chemicals are made on a comparatively small scale,some indeed in quantities of only a pound or two.2)His first paper was published in Britain;all his later ones were published in China.3)Last year this time they were busy working on their dissertations;now they are serving in a university.4)Each team was allowed the following:10 kilos of food,including fruit,water and salt;and ample petrol.5)The summer is hot and short;the winter is long and cold.Functions and Usagel 4.The colon(:).Mainly two functions and l usage:lA.To indicate that something is to follow,l especially a formal statement or series.lB.To introduce quoted material,particularly if l the question covers more than one sentence.l(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)l Keys to Task 5,The Colon1)But as he spoke he turned his head and looked at Fords coat:“it was a good coat”,and Patterson thought about it a lot as he kept his eyes on the road in front.2)He called out politely:“Good night!”3)One day I should turn around and say:“Oh shut up,youre much better at English and geography!”4)The villagers showed their fear of the new machine:the women averted their eyes,the children became silent,and the men muttered uneasily to one another.Functions and Usagel5.Dash().Mainly three functions and usage:lA.To emphasize a word or phrase at the end ofl a sentence.lB.To summarize or conclude an involved l sentence.l(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)l Functions and Usage l 6.Parentheses().Three main functions and l usage:lA.To enclose an explanation,abbreviation,l qualification,or examplelB.To indicate cross referencelC.To repeat a sum of money previously stated in l words in business transactionsl(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)l Functions and Usagel7.Exclamation mark(!).l To indicate excitement,shock,or anger.l8.Question mark(?).l To indicate a question.l(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks)l Keys to Task 61)People typically vacation at five places:mountains,beaches,historical sites,religious places,and big cities.2)Jiang Zemin said:“Today,when we mark the victory of the Long March,we are remembering the glorious deeds of Red Army,summarizing the history experience of the Long March,carrying forward the revolutionary spirit of the Long March,and continuously pushing forward the great cause pioneered by the veteran revolutionaries.”3)Time is short;one month is not a long time.Keys to Task 64)During the primary stage we normally give this education in one type of school according to the age of the child:that is to say,all except the relative few who go to independent or private schools.5)From any given bit of teaching some learn more than others:we teach some lessons when everybody seems to learn something,and other lessons when nobody seems to learn anything.Keys to Task 7 lAlthough this branch of the chemical industry is the one with which the general public most frequently comes into direct contact,it is nevertheless one about which many misconceptions exist.Plastics are often spoken of as though there was little difference between the various kinds;in fact,they differ enormously in their properties.Plastics are often thought as new substitutes;in fact,they have been in use for a century.Plastics are often regarded as cheap substitutes for other and better construction materials such as wood,metal,and natural textiles;in fact,many have found favour on their own merits and often are far from cheap.Unit 2 The Use of“The”OBJECTIVESlTo:lunderstand the basic use of“the”luse“the”appropriatelylpractice the use of“the”CONTENTSlLead-inlIntroductionlAwareness raising(Task 1)lReview the use of“the”(Task 2)lSummary of the basic use of“the”lPractice Lead-inWhat do you know about English definite article“the”?Introduction lThe appropriate use of definite article is crucial for successful communication.Awareness RaisinglLook at the sentences in Task 1 of your course book and find the problems.Awareness Raising:Keys to Task 1l1)Teaching is teachers job,and learning is l students task.l2)The third stage was from 1949 until now.l Universities were developed quickly in this l period.l3)Chart One shows Country As expenditure l on housing,fuel and power;Chart Two is l County Bs expenditure on housing,fuel and l power.Awareness RaisinglThe general grammar rule:lTo be used at the beginning of noun groups to refer to someone or something when a reader knows exactly who or what we are talking about,or when we go on to explain which person or thing we mean.Review the Use of“the”lTask 2lWork in groups and list any other uses of“the”you know.l(discuss in groups)Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)l1)Immediate situation.lE.g.lThe roses are beautiful.(said in a garden)lThe radio does not work.(said in a room with a radio)Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)l2)Larger situation,including“unique”reference.lE.g.lThe earthlThe sun lThe moon Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)3)Anaphoric referencedirect(sometimes called“second-mention”).E.g.lJohn bought a TV and a recorder on Tuesday,but he returned the recorder on Wednesday.Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)l 4)Anaphoric referenceindirect(also called associative anaphora),where the firstl mentioned acts as a trigger for a related item.lE.g.lJohn bought a bicycle,but when he rode it one of the wheels came off.Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)5)Cataphoric reference,where what follows the nouns is decisive.E.g.The girls sitting over there are my cousins.Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)l 6)Sporadic reference,with institutions of human society(perhaps“institutional”lreference is a better term).lE.g.lMy sister goes to the theatre every monthEight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)l7)Logical use,with particular adjectives like l same,only,right,ordinals and superlatives.E.g.We must catch the next bus.Eight Basic Usages(Collins Cobuild 1987)8)Reference to body parts or a member of their family,as a possessive determiner.E.g.Everyone gave us a pat on the back.Practice:Keys to Tasks lTask 4lIn a library/study/bookshop/classroomlIn a sitting roomlIn a gardenlCould we have the card please?lWheres the salt/cooking oil/starch?lThe swimming suit is too small.Practice:Keys to Tasks lTask 5lComplete the following sentences:lThe signal isnt clear.lThe doors dont open.lThe prices are too high.lThe questions are too easy/difficult.Practice:Keys to Tasks lTask 6lWhen a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport,workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing.No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box.He was astonished at what he found.A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods.He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away.After he was arrested,the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London.He had had a long and uncomfortable trip,for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours.The man was ordered to pay 345 for the cost of the trip.The normal price of a ticket is 230!Practice:Keys to TaskslTask 7l1)The best l2)the wrongl3)the rightl4)the samel5)The nextl6)the first Practice:Keys to Tasks lTask 8lHave you seen the dog?A neighbour.lHave you seen our dog?A stranger.lHave you seen a dog?A member of l your family.Practice:Keys to Tasks lTask 9lLast month there was a robbery in Wellington.The police arrested two men.They are in court now.A young man was a witness to the crime.Hes standing in the witness box.A lawyer is asking him questions and the judge and the members of the jury are listening.Unit 3 CohesionOBJECTIVESlTo make students be aware:lof the difference between coherent writing and incoherent writinglthat the appropriate use of connections could make broken sentences a coherent text;CONTENTSlLead-inlIntroductionlTypes of connectionslType 1 lType 2lType 3lConsistency and shifting Lead-inlRead the following sentence and give your comments.lWood bridges are less durable as stone bridges.For example,Zhao Zhou Bridge built thousands of years ago.Lead-inlRead a)-d)p17 of the course book,and give your comments.Introduction lParagraphs a)-d)p17 of the course book are incoherent;they are caused either by missing connectives,or subject and grammar shifting.Types of ConnectionslHow are sentences or paragraphs joined together?lHow is a writings cohesion realized?lWhat are connectives?Types of ConnectionslConnectives are words or phrases that indicate a logical relationship between or within sentences and paragraphs.Types of ConnectionslList any connectives you know with your neigbour.Types of ConnectionslMainly three types of connectives:lAnd,Or,and But.Type 1l“And”type:lCause-effect:because,so.that,so,consequently lTransition:with reference to,as for/to,regardinglListing:first,furthermore,finally.;lSummation:therefore,thus,in conclusion.;lInference indicating a deduction:in that case,l otherwise,then.;lAddition:also,again,moreover,besides,in addition.Type 1lSee the sample sentence p18 of your course book and answer the questions.lDo Task 1 Keys to Type 1 Task 1 Task 11).,so we had to assume that their motivation was that they wanted to travel and experience things themselves in Britain.2)As for the computer conference writing assignment,.3).In the first place,.Secondly,they must engage the interests of the learners by relating to his interests.Type 2l“Or”type connectives:lWords or phrases indicating a kind of lreformulating:better,rather,in other words,l in that case,to put it more l simple;lreplacement:again,alternatively,rather,l better/worse still,on the otherl hand,the alternative is,l another possibility would be etc.Type 2 See the sample sentence p19 of your course book and answer the question.Do Task 2 Keys to Type 2 Task 2 1).;in other words,.rather than.(that is,.,or.).2).