1、广西医科大学学报JOURNAL OF GUANGXI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY2023Jul.40(7)保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换在二尖瓣关闭不全患者中的应用*范悦,莫春镕,杨柳山,曹辉庆,蒙裕国,罗磊(广西中医药大学附属瑞康医院胸心血管外科,南宁530011)摘要目的:探究保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换在二尖瓣关闭不全患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2018年1月至2022年1月在我院进行二尖瓣瓣膜置换手术的86例二尖瓣关闭不全患者作为研究对象,根据不同的手术方式分为对照组46例和研究组40例,对照组采用术中二尖瓣及瓣下腱索全部切除,研究组采用术中保留部分瓣下结构,比较两组患者的
2、围术期各项指标、炎症指标及术后并发症发生情况,并于术后3个月对两组患者超声心动图各参数进行比较分析。结果:与对照组比较,研究组的主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、后并行时间显著增加,ICU 停留时间显著缩短(P0.05)。术后3个月,两组左房舒张期末前后径(LADD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张期末横径(LVTD)、左室短轴缩短率(LVFS)无明显差异(P0.05)。两组患者的Tei指数、舒张晚期局部二尖瓣环运动速度(Ema)、舒张早期局部二尖瓣环运动速度(Eme)、二尖瓣环室间隔侧应变率(SRS)、二尖瓣环左室壁侧应变率(SRW)组内术前与术后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后研
3、究组Tei指数低于对照组(P0.05)。与术前相比,术后患者的血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-水平均大幅升高(P0.05),但两组术前及术后组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对患者进行1年随访,研究组并发症发生率(7.5%)显著低于对照组(28.26%)(P0.05)。结论:保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换可以缩短二尖瓣关闭不全患者的ICU 停留时间,维持患者的心功能,显著降低患者的Tei指数,促进患者恢复,并减少术后并发症。关键词保留部分瓣下结构;二尖瓣瓣膜置换;二尖瓣关闭不全;心功能中图分类号:R654.2文献标志码:A文章编号:1005-930X(2023)07-1166-06DO
4、I:10.16190/ki.45-1211/r.2023.07.013Application of partial subvalvular structure preservation in mitral valve replacement in pa-tients with mitral insufficiencyFan Yue,Mo Chunrong,Yang Liushan,Cao Huiqing,Meng Yuguo,Luo Lei.(Department of Chest and Cardiovas-cular Surgery,Ruikang Hospital,Guangxi Uni
5、versity of Chinese Medicine,Nanning 530011,China)AbstractObjective:To explore the application effect of partial subvalvular structure preservation in mitralvalve replacement in patients with mitral valve insufficiency.Methods:86 patients with mitral valve insufficien-cy who underwent mitral valve re
6、placement surgery in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2022 were se-lected as the study objects and were divided into control group(46 cases)and study group(40 cases)according todifferent surgical methods.The control group underwent surgical resection of mitral valve and subvalvular tendi-no
7、us cords,while the study group underwent surgical resection of subvalvular structures.Perioperative indicators,inflammatory indicators and postoperative complications of the patients were compared between the two groups,and echocardiographic parameters were compared and analyzed between the two grou
8、ps three months after sur-gery.Results:Compared with the control group,the time of aorta occlusion,cardiopulmonary bypass and post-concurrent time in the study group significantly increased,and the stay time in ICU was significantly shortened(P0.05).Three months after surgery,there were no significa
9、nt differences in left atrial diastolic diameter(LADD),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),left ventricular transverse diameter(LVTD)and left ventricu-lar brachy-axis shortening rate(LVFS)between the two groups(P0.05).There were significant differences inTei index,late diastolic regional mitral
10、 annular motion velocity(Ema),early diastolic regional mitral annular mo-tion velocity(Eme),strain rate of the interventricu-lar septum at the mitral annulus(SRS)and strainrate of the left ventricular wall at the mitral annulus*基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.81860785)通信作者,Tel:15977135779,E-mail:收稿日期:2023-04-1
11、8 1166(SRW)between the two groups before and after surgery(P0.05).The Tei index of the study group was lowerthan that of the control group(P0.05).Compared with the preoperative levels,the serum levels of IL-6,IL-10and TNF-of patients significantly increased after surgery(P0.05),but there was no sign
12、ificant difference be-tween the preoperative and postoperative groups(P0.05).After 1-year follow-up,the complication rate of thestudy group(7.5%)was significantly lower than that of the control group(28.26%)(P0.05).Conclusion:Par-tial subvalvular structure preservation in mitral valve replacement ca
13、n shorten the ICU stay time of the patientswith mitral valve insufficiency,maintain their cardiac function,significantly reduce the Tei index,promote pa-tient recovery,and reduce the postoperative complications.Keywordspartial subvalvular structure preservation;mitral valve replacement;mitral valve
14、insufficiency;cardi-ac function二尖瓣关闭不全是临床发病率较高的瓣膜疾病,会导致患者左心结构改变和左心功能下降,手术治疗可以延缓疾病进展,延长患者生存期1-3。传统的二尖瓣置换术将瓣叶及瓣下结构切除,会破坏左室结构和功能的完整性,并导致瓣环及乳头肌连续性中断4,这些是左心室功能异常、复苏困难、低心排发生的主要原因5-7。有学者指出,在行二尖瓣置换术时保留瓣下结构,有利于维持左室壁与二尖瓣结构的连续性,可对维持左心收缩功能提供支持8。而且保留瓣下结构还能减少手术造成的人工瓣膜功能障碍及导致左室流出道梗阻发生的概率,但关于该术式对围手术期指标及术后心功能影响的研究尚不
15、充分9-10。本研究以二尖瓣关闭不全患者为研究对象,探究保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换术对患者围手术期指标、心功能指标及并发症的影响,旨在为临床治疗提供依据。1资料与方法1.1一般资料选取2018年1月至2022年1月在我院行二尖瓣瓣膜置换手术的86例二尖瓣关闭不全患者作为研究对象。病例纳入标准:患者经临床诊断,具有行二尖瓣置换手术的指征;无既往手术史;年龄18岁;无其他疾病导致的心功不全及心功障碍。排除标准:伴有其他严重瓣膜病变;患有其他心脏疾病,或行二尖瓣置换术期间合并其他手术;合并恶性肿瘤患者;处于妊娠期及哺乳期的女性患者;存在精神疾病或认知障碍。根据手术方式的不同将研究对象分为对照组4
16、6例和研究组40例,对照组采用术中二尖瓣及瓣下腱索全部切除,研究组采用术中保留部分瓣下结构。两组患者的一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),见表1。患者及家属对于本研究知情同意,且签署知情同意书。项目年龄/岁,x s性别,n(%)男女体质量指数/(kg/m2),x s阵发性呼吸困难,n(%)咯血史,n(%)胸痛史,n(%)肺淤血,n(%)心胸比,x s高血压,n(%)糖尿病,n(%)NYHA分级,n(%)对照组(n=46)41.2211.2319(41.30)27(58.70)21.322.3311(23.91)2(4.35)1(2.17)29(63.04)0.680.111(2.1
17、7)1(2.17)35(76.09)11(23.91)研究组(n=40)39.7411.2615(37.50)25(62.50)21.562.468(20.00)3(7.50)1(2.50)31(77.50)0.710.081(2.50)0(0.00)26(65.00)14(35.00)t/20.6090.130-0.4640.1900.3880.0102.120-1.4270.0100.8801.275P0.5440.7190.6440.6630.5330.9200.1450.1570.9200.3480.259表1两组一般资料比较范悦,等.保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换在二尖瓣关闭不全患者
18、中的应用 1167广西医科大学学报2023 Jul.40(7)1.2方法1.2.1手术方法对患者实施静脉吸入全麻,手术在中度低温体外循环下完成。经胸骨正中切口,切口起自胸骨切迹稍下,达剑突下约5 cm,锯开胸骨,显露心脏进入心腔,将插管与灌注装置连接。从房室沟上方切开右心房,拉钩显露二尖瓣,粗丝线缝合大瓣作为牵引线,用直角错夹牵引线,展开大瓣。研究组保留距二尖瓣环0.30.5 cm处二尖瓣后瓣膜组织及其膜下结构,将其余的二尖瓣结构切除,术中避免卡瓣及左心室流出道梗阻等情况的出现。对照组开展传统二尖瓣置换术,切除前瓣和后瓣瓣叶及其腱索,冲洗左房、左室,用带垫片瓣膜线将组织瓣环与人工瓣环间断褥式缝
19、合固定。1.2.2观察指标收集主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、后并行时间、ICU停留时间等围手术期资料。术后3个月,采用美国GE公司VividE9超声显像仪进行检查,所用探头频率为1.73.4 MHz,先行二维超声检查,嘱受检者呼气末屏气,采集心脏全容积动态图,获取左房舒张期末前后径(LADD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张期末横径(LVTD)、左室短轴缩短率(LVFS)。术前及术后3个月检测左心室功能定量指标。患者平卧,将探头置于心尖部。图像检测视野包含整个左心室,得到心尖四腔图像后,启动3D分析软件,获取三维全容积图像。记录下列左心室功能定量指标:Tei指数、舒张晚期局部二尖瓣环运动速
20、度(Ema)、舒张早期局部二尖瓣环运动速度(Eme)、二尖瓣环室间隔侧应变率(SRS)、二尖瓣环左室壁侧应变率(SRW)。术前及术后采集患者 4 mL 空腹静脉血,以3 000 r/min的速度离心10 min,留取血清待测。采用日立7600全自动生化分析仪、采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-)水平。试剂盒购自深圳晶美生物工程有限公司。随访1年,统计两组患者的出血、心内膜炎、血栓栓塞、瓣周漏等并发症发生情况。1.3统计学方法采用SPSS 23.0软件分析处理数据,计数资料以百分率(%)表示,组间比较采用2检验;计量资料以
21、均数标准差(x s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验。P0.05表示差异有统计学意义。2结果2.1两组围术期指标比较与对照组比较,研究组的主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、后并行时间显著增加,ICU 停留时间显著缩短(P0.05),见表2。表2两组围术期指标比较x s组别对照组研究组tPn4640主动脉阻断时间/min39.443.7749.123.2312.8250.001体外循环时间/min76.993.2679.984.56-3.5300.001后并行时间/min27.553.5639.662.12-18.8010.001ICU 停留时间/d2.110.871.690
22、.552.6290.0102.2两组LADD、LVEF、LVTD、LVFS比较术后 3 个月,两组 LADD、LVEF、LVTD、LVFS无明显差异(P0.05),见表3。表3两组LADD、LVEF、LVTD、LVFS比较x s组别对照组研究组tPn4640LADD/mm39.337.1142.127.781.7260.088LVTD/mm44.557.0345.996.650.9750.332LVEF/%58.778.1357.569.77-0.6190.538LVFS/%30.556.6428.2310.22-1.2280.2232.3两组手术前后Tei指数、Eme、Ema、SRS、SRW
23、水平比较两组患者的Tei指数、Eme、Ema、SRS、SRW水平组内术前与术后比较,差异均有统计学差异(P0.05),其中 Tei 指数、SRS、SRW 值较术前降低,Eme、Ema水平较术前升高。术后研究组Tei指数低于对照组(P0.05),Eme、Ema、SRS、SRW 水平两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),见表4。2.4两组手术前后血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-水平比较与术前比较,术后患者的血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-水平均显著升高(P0.05),但两组术前及术后组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),见表5。11682.5两组术后并发症比较对患者进行1年随访,两组均无
24、死亡病例。研究组发生出血2例,血栓栓塞1例,未发生瓣周漏及心内膜炎,并发症率发生率为7.5%(3/40);对照组发生出血4例,血栓栓塞5例,心内膜炎3例,瓣周漏1例,并发症发生率为28.26%(13/46),研究组并发症发生率显著高于对照组(2=9.535,P0.05)。3讨论二尖瓣结构较为复杂,主要包括部分左心房壁、二尖瓣环、瓣叶、瓣下腱索、乳头肌及相应部分左心室壁和相近的主动脉瓣环,二尖瓣结构的完整性决定了其功能的完整性及协调性11。二尖瓣置换术是治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的重要方式12。传统二尖瓣置换术对二尖瓣前、后瓣叶及部分瓣下结构进行切除,此术式破坏了左心室、乳头肌二尖瓣环的完整性,进而影响
25、左心室收缩功能13。因此,临床亟待找寻更佳的手术方案。本研究结果显示,研究组主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、后并行时间均较对照组延长。虽然保留瓣膜下结构操作复杂,手术时间长,但是该术式可以很好地保护瓣下腱索、乳头肌结构,进而维持左心功能。此外,保留瓣下结构有利于减少左室腔大小,改善早期心功能。本研究结果表明,保留部分瓣下结构的操作能够促进患者恢复,缩短ICU停留时间,减轻患者家庭经济负担。对患者进行1年随访,发现研究组出血、血栓栓塞、瓣周漏及心内膜炎的发生率显著较对照组低。究其原因,对照组实施的是传统的二尖瓣瓣膜置换手术,术中切取了二尖瓣及瓣下腱索,易引发左心室产生湍流的血流变化,并导致瓣膜相关
26、并发症的发生14。保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换术保持了心室结构的完整性,有效保持心室几何形状,有利于心室功能的尽快恢复,并在一定程度上减少对左室壁带来的机械性损伤,有助于围术期恢复和安全性。本研究结果显示,术后 3 个月,两组 LADD、LVEF、LVTD、LVFS指标水平无显著差异。术后两组患者的血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-水平差异也无统计学意义。提示两种术式对心脏结构及左室射血功能的影响相当,保留二尖瓣和瓣下结构不会增加手术导致的炎症反应水平。本研究结果表明,两组患者Tei指数、SRS、SRW值较术前降低,Eme、Ema水平较术前升高;术后两组Eme、Ema、SRS、SRW水平比较
27、无显著差异,术后研究组的Tei指数低于对照组。提示保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换可与术前比较,*P0.05。组别对照组研究组tPn4640IL-6术前12.332.3111.652.441.3260.188术后55.466.22*54.325.77*0.8770.383IL-10术前51.227.2250.266.490.6440.521术后133.2621.26*126.9922.05*1.3410.184TNF-术前20.334.1121.034.23-0.7770.439术后26.415.21*25.365.06*0.9450.348表5两组手术前后血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-水平
28、比较x s,ng/L组别对照组研究组tPn4640Tei指数术前2.110.441.980.541.2300.222术后3个月1.230.33*1.010.21*3.6250.001Eme/(m/s)术前0.890.210.880.220.2150.830术后3个月1.010.23*1.020.21*-0.2090.835Ema/(m/s)术前0.560.180.480.221.8540.067术后3个月0.650.21*0.710.13*-1.5640.121SRS/s-1术前-1.710.56-1.550.42-1.4800.142术后3个月-2.220.65*-2.440.56*1.66
29、90.099SRW/s-1术前-1.410.32-1.330.33-1.1400.258术后3个月-2.650.71*-2.770.78*0.7470.457表4两组手术前后Tei指数、Eme、Ema、SRS、SRW水平比较x s与术前比较,*P0.05。范悦,等.保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换在二尖瓣关闭不全患者中的应用 1169广西医科大学学报2023 Jul.40(7)以显著降低患者的Tei指数,改善心脏整体功能。除了作房室瓣的功能外,二尖瓣结构还具有左室收缩功能和左室后壁支持功能,前瓣及瓣下结构对左室大小和功能具有重要作用15-17。传统二尖瓣瓣膜置换术切除二尖瓣瓣下结构,易造成腱索牵
30、拉作用减弱和缺失,且容易破坏瓣环乳头肌结构的连续性18。上述情况易引起心室壁异常活动、收缩时室避应力不均匀,进而导致心室活动顺应性和协调性降低,使心脏的几何形态发生变化。有研究发现,保留二尖瓣瓣叶及瓣下结构能够有效保护左心室结构的连续性及牵引支撑力,减少二尖瓣瓣膜置换术对心室顺应性的影响,有利于促进心功能及心室几何形状的恢复19。因此,在二尖瓣瓣膜置换术中保留部分二尖瓣瓣下结构可作为一种可靠的术式选择20。综上所述,保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换可以缩短二尖瓣关闭不全患者的ICU 停留时间,维持患者的心功能,显著降低患者的Tei指数,可以加速患者恢复,并减少术后并发症。参考文献:1FITSUM
31、 L,AYMAN S,MICHAEL Z,et al.Augmenta-tion of the posterior mitral leaflet in secondary mitralvalve insufficiency,mid-term resultsJ.European journalof cardio-thoracic surgery,2022,62(5):e125.2 ANDRSI T B,ABUDUREHEMAN N,GLCK A,et al.Video-assisted minimal access surgery for complicatedmitral valve endo
32、carditis,tricuspid valve insufficiencyand progressive coronary disease after previous CABG-in the time of COVID-19:a case reportJ.Journal of car-diothoracic surgery,2021,16(1):182-184.3STUMM M V,DUDDE F,HOLST T,et al.Predictingclinical outcome by indexed mitral valve tenting in func-tional mitral va
33、lve regurgitationJ.Open heart,2021,8(1):e001483.4SIMONATO M,WHISENANT B,RIBEIRO H B,et al.Transcatheter mitral valve replacement after surgical re-pair or replacement:comprehensive midterm evaluationof valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring implantation from theVIVID registryJ.Circulation,2021,143(2):104-
34、116.5HAMID UI,AKSOY R,SARDARI NIA P.Mitral valverepair in papillary muscle ruptureJ.Ann cardiothoracsurg,2022,11(3):281-289.6BARREIRO-PEREZ M,CANEIRO-QUEIJA B,PUGA L,et al.Imaging in transcatheter mitral valve replacement:state-of-art reviewJ.Journal of clinical medicine,2021,10(24):e5973.7 原野,刘涛,刘华
35、.保留二尖瓣瓣下结构的瓣膜置换可促进瓣膜有效愈合J.中国组织工程研究,2023,27(20):3242-3246.YUAN Y,LIU T,LIU H.Valve replacement with preserva-tion of the mitral subvalvular apparatus promotes effec-tive valve healingJ.Chinese journal of tissue engineer-ing research,2023,27(20):3242-3246.8OBEIDALLAH M A,MARIAN K,STENGL M.Severemitral
36、 valve insufficiency caused by standard surgical aor-tic valve implantation and its reparation using suture-lessprosthesisJ.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery,2022,17(1):159.9 张杨,赵巧燕,翟继卫,等.生物瓣膜二尖瓣置换老年心脏瓣膜病患者血清炎性因子及血流动力学的变化J.中国组织工程研究,2022,26(10):1561-1565.ZHANG Y,ZHAO Q Y,ZHAI J W,et al.Changes in se-
37、rum inflammatory factors and hemodynamics of biologi-cal mitral valve replacement for elderly patients with car-diac valve diseaseJ.Chinese journal of tissue engineer-ing research,2022,26(10):1561-1565.10 HAYATA Y,SAWABATA N,ABE T,et al.Improvementin left cardiac function following mitral valve repa
38、ir:anal-yses based on cardiac magnetic resonance imagingJ.InVivo,2020,34(5):2897-2903.11 MOHAMMED A N,LIFGREN SA,FABBRO M.A narra-tive review for cardiac anesthesiologists of the 2019 ex-pert consensus on operator and institutional recommenda-tions for transcatheter mitral valve interventionJ.Journa
39、lof cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia,2021,35(5):1469-1476.12 陈绍稀,吕晶,何仁良.二尖瓣置换手术保留瓣下结构对患者术后早期心脏结构功能及安全性影响的Meta分析J.心脑血管病防治,2022,22(3):31-36.CHEN S X,LV J,HE R L.Meta analysis of the effect ofpreserving subvalvular structure in mitral valve replace-ment surgery on early postoperative cardiac stru
40、cturalfunction and safety in patients J.Prevention and treat-ment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,2022,22(3):31-36.13 VAN WIJNGAARDEN A L,TOMI A,MERTENS B J 1170A,et al.Mitral valve repair for isolated posterior mitralvalve leaflet prolapse:The effect of respect and resecttechniques o
41、n left ventricular functionJ.The Journal ofthoracic and cardiovascular surgery,2022,164(5):1488-1497.14 RAHMAN S M,SAZZAD M F,WADUD A,et al.Lowcardiac output syndrome:incidence after mitral valve re-placement with or without preservation of mitral valve ap-paratusJ.Mymensingh medical journal,2021,30
42、(1):164-170.15 于岩,曹军英,于馨,等.超声心动图对不同主动脉瓣病变患者主动脉瓣置换前后左室功能变化评估价值研究J.临床军医杂志,2022,50(8):818-820.YU Y,CAO J Y,YU X,et al Evaluation value of echocar-diography on left ventricular function changes in patientswith different Aortic valve diseases before and after aorticvalve replacementJ.Journal of clinical
43、military medi-cine,2022,50(8):818-820.16 朱喜亮,程兆云,王圣,等.人工瓣膜-患者不匹配对风湿性心脏病患者机械瓣二尖瓣置换术后早、中期临床结果的影响分析J.中国循环杂志,2021,36(9):880-885.ZHU X L,CHENG Z Y,WANG S,et al.Impact of pros-thesis-patient mismatch on the early and mid-term out-comes post mechanical mitral valve replacement in pa-tients with rheumatic h
44、eart diseaseJ.Chinese circulationjournal,2021,36(9):880-885.17 MESI O,GAD M M,CRANE A D,et al.Severe atrialfunctional mitral regurgitation:clinical and echocardio-graphic characteristics,management and outcomesJ.JACC cardiovasc imaging,2021,14(4):797-808.18 ZHUMABAEV S A,KALIEV T B,NAMAZBEKOVM N,et
45、al.Comparative assessment of immediate resultsof mitral valve repair according to the classical techniquewith posterior leaflet preservationJ.Angiology and vas-cular surgery,2020,26(1):129-133.19 齐玉婕,陈伟刚,谷云飞,等.老龄退行性心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动病人血清炎性因子表达水平变化J.中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2022,20(3):520-523.QI Y J,CHEN W G,GU Y F,et
46、al.Changes of serum in-flammatory factors in elderly patients with degenerativevalvular heart disease and Atrial fibrillationJ.Journal ofintegrated traditional Chinese and western medicine incardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,2022,20(3):520-523.20 魏晓红,辛梅,岳琴,等.体外循环预充还原型谷胱甘肽对心脏瓣膜置换术患者的临床研究J.现
47、代生物医学进展,2022,22(12):2289-2293.WEI X H,XIN M,YUE Q,et al.Clinical study of cardio-pulmonary bypass pre-filled reduced glutathione in pa-tients with heart valve replacementJ.Progress in modernbiomedicine,2022,22(12):2289-2293.本文引用格式:范悦,莫春镕,杨柳山,等.保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换在二尖瓣关闭不全患者中的应用J.广西医科大学学报,2023,40(7):1166-
48、1171.DOI:10.16190/ki.45-1211/r.2023.07.013FAN Y,MO C R,YANG L S,et al.Application of partialsubvalvular structure preservation in mitral valve replace-ment in patients with mitral insufficiencyJ.Journal ofGuangxi medical university,2023,40(7):1166-1171.DOI:10.16190/ki.45-1211/r.2023.07.013范悦,等.保留部分瓣下结构二尖瓣瓣膜置换在二尖瓣关闭不全患者中的应用 1171
©2010-2024 宁波自信网络信息技术有限公司 版权所有
客服电话:4008-655-100 投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100