高考英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题技巧(教师版).doc

高考英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题技巧在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。这类试题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测、以及对it/they/them等代词的确指对象的判断等。这类试题的设问方式主要有：(1)What does the underlined word “them/it” refer to?(2)In the. paragraph, the word. means (refers to).(3)according to the passage,. probably means(4)The author uses the word. to mean.(5)The underlined phrase “punch line”most probably means_.(6)The underlined word “one” could best be replaced by _.(7)What does “garden” in the last two paragraphs stand for? （8）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “_”?做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，要掌握以下三个做题要领和六种解题技巧：做题要领1）文中找线索或信息词;2) 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； 3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。解题技巧技巧 1 Definition 定义法：一般通过定义/定语从句/词组或同位语从句来确定词义技巧 2 Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词、表对比关系的词猜测词义。技巧 3 CauseEffect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因 技巧4 Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。技巧5 Word Formation 构词法：在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。技巧6 根据文段中出现的同义、近义或反义词的意思进行判断。技巧7 根据句子结构进行判断。技巧8 根据文章的背景进行判断。如：技巧9 Context 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义技巧篇：技巧 1 Definition 定义法：一般通过定义/定语从句/词组或同位语从句来确定词义1.It will be very hard but very brittlethat is , it will break easily .从后面的解释中，我们可以了解到brittle是“易碎的，脆的”的意思2.The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。技巧 2 Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词、表对比关系的词猜测词义。表示对比的词有but 、 yet 、 while 、however、 otherwise等。1. Although the early morning had been very cool, the noonday sun was tropical. 根据对比关系，这里cool和tropical是相反的意义，很容易判断理tropical的意思为： Hot 热的2.Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome man, John is quite homely 根据对比关系“homely” means “ ugly 技巧 3 CauseEffect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因 1. Hat museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. 既然一天之内看不完所有的展品，这个博物馆当然是够“大的”了。2.The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为永远的，永久的。技巧4 Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。1.Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machine, refrigerators and color televisions.根据for instance后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中appliances的是指“家用电器”。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as 等 。技巧5 Word Formation 构词法：在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1 根据前缀猜测词义Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。2 根据后缀猜测词义People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles,”but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from.A.be familiar with B.be curious about C.show their interest in D.fail to understand后缀 -less是否定后缀，结合上下文，不难猜出 be clueless about 的意思是D(不清楚，不能理解)。3 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义（1）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。（2）We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：大批量生产；规模生产的意思。技巧 6 根据文段中出现的同义、近义或反义词的意思进行判断。例题1： I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang. It was an eccentric(怪僻的)farmer. I had never met him before although I had often heard people talk about him. He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident. I hadnt the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go.The underlined phrase make out in the first paragraph means _.A. expectB. understandC. see clearlyD. hear clearly根据第四句话的意思，我们知道“Even then”实际上是指前文的“I understood anything”，因此这句话可以理解为“Even when I understood anything, all (that) I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident”。显然，“make out”是被用来取代前面的“understood”，以避免重复，它们应该是近义或同义词，所以，B选项可能是正确的。例题2： One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.Which of the following can be used in place of “Quite the reverse”?A. Quite right. B. True enough. C. Most unlikely. D. Just the opposite.根据quite the reverse这个短语前后两个句子中的“perfect information”与“imperfect information”这两个意思相反的词组，我们可以推断出quite the reverse这个短语应该是表示它前后两个句子的转折关系。只有D选项符合这种意思，因此，可以考虑它是正确答案。技巧7 根据句子结构进行判断。例题1： Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior (行为)is suitable (合适) at various ages.The underlined word one refers to _.A. a society B. America C. a place D. Population从结构上看，one与society是同位关系，因此，A选项符合题意，是正确答案。例题2： In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the worlds greatest mathematical problem: Fermats Last Theorem (定理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Poly-technique.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit peoples imagination.在“the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds”这个句子中，并列连词and起着很重要的提示作用，因为它意味着被它连接起来的两个动词在意义上有一致性。“had beaten the finest mathematical minds”可以理解为“击败了一些顶级的数学家”，而这个定理之所以可以“击败一些顶级的数学家”不外乎是因为它太难了，因此我们可以顺理成章地把baffle与difficult联系在一起。我们可以试图这样理解这句话“这个定理难住并击败了一些顶级的数学家”。四个选项中B选项最接近这个意思，所以，它是一个正确的可能性最大的选项。又如：例题3： A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean? A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根据“A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun”，这两个分句之间的转折关系我们可以推断出“hassle”与“fun”应该是一对反义词。A、B、D 三个选项与这个判断都不吻合，只有C选项与这个判断比较一致，因此，C选项是唯一可能正确的答案。技巧8 根据文章的背景进行判断。如：JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students 18 boys and 2 girls had a thousand reasons to be proud of themselves. They had just climbed their way to the top rung(阶梯)out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest (竞赛)on Tuesday evening.The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14. Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable! said a teacher from Guangdong province.The underlined phrase figure out in the text means _.A. work outB. add upC. guessD. study文段叙述的是第五届全国华罗庚杯数学竞赛的获奖情况，划线部分的“them”指的是“many of the problems”，因此，根据文段所叙述的竞赛这一背景，可以断定划线部分的动词应该是计算的意思，只有A选项符合文意，因此，是可能正确的答案。技巧9 Context 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义例题：1 Tom cant find his sneakers. A.Money B. bowls C. shoes Tom cant find his white sneakers A.Money B. bowls C. shoes Tom cant play tennis now because he cant find his white sneakers. A.Money B. bowls C. shoes【解析】sneakers中学课本中未出现过的新词。根据英语语法，A。B、C代入句子中都正确。作为名词的A、B、C代人句中意思也说得通。但在speakers前加一个修饰语white就成为Tom cant find his white sneakers那么 A则可去掉，答案则可能是B和C。而在这句的前面再加一层意思，这就是：Tom cant play tennis now because he cant find his white sneakers. 这样一看就知道bowls(碗）与打网球没有什么联系，而shoes与打网球却有密切联系，不穿鞋怎么打网球呢？C就成为唯一正确选项。例题：2 Finally, renewable energy sources are used even though they are often expensive to develop. One form of these is geothermal energy. In certain parts of the world the temperature of the earth increases thirty degrees centigrade with each kilometre down. At six kilometres, therefore, it rises to nearly two hundred degrees. To get the heat, water is pumped(压;抽)down into the rocks and back up to the surface. Heat from the earth is already used in certain countries. The underlined words geothermal energy in the third paragraph mean _.A. renewable source B. underground sourceC. heat inside the earth D. temperature of the earth这一段讲的是“renewable energy sources”的开发问题，并且举例“geothermal energy”是其中的一种，接下来文章进一步解释“geothermal energy”的形成及开发利用的方式。A、B、D三个选项指代的范围都太大，与下文对“geothermal energy”的解释不完全一致，因此都可以排除。下文在解释了地内温度升高的一般规律后接着说“To get the heat, water is pumped(压;抽)down into the rocks and back up to the surface”，并且说“Heat from the earth is already used in certain countries.”因此，可以确定“geothermal energy”指的是“地热资源”，所以C选项是正确的。例题：3 Many people say, “I am much younger than my mother - or my father - was at my age.” No one says “Act your age” any more. Weve stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways.“Act your age” means people should _.A. be active when they are oldB. do the right thing at the right ageC. show respect for their parents young or oldD. take more physical exercise suitable to their age“Weve stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways” 这句话的意思是“看到老年人表现出年轻人的行为举止，我们(现在)不再感到奇怪”，即“现在不再(像以前那样)要求老年人的行为举止与他们的年龄相符”。这句话实际上是以老年人为例，对“No one says Act your age any more”这句话进行解释，B选项符合这句话的意思，因此，是正确选项。 以上所叙只是推测、判断词义的一些基本规律。同学们在解这类题时一定要注意不要脱离语境。有些常用词在特定的上下文中，或专业性文章中，具有特殊的或专门的词义。在解这类题时，必须仔细地研读划线部分的上下文，有时阅读的视线还要扩大一些。如果离开特定的语言环境来理解生词意义，必然选错答案。 要提高这方面的阅读能力，最主要的还是靠自己进行大量的阅读，在阅读实践中不断总结经验，找出其中的规律，并且融会贯通地运用它们指导自己的阅读。