英语初中语法-现在完成时和过去完成时地区别.doc

中考初中英语语法-现在完成时和过去完成时地区别
语法----现在完成时和过去完成时的区别
1.从结构上区别
现在完成时：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 （肯定式）
主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 （否定式）
Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式）

过去完成时：主语 + had + 过去分词 （肯定式）
主语 +had + not + 过去分词 （否定式）
Had + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式）

2.从时间状语区别
现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet, just, recently…etc”。
过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “by, at, before等构成的短语”。
注意：当表示一段时间，现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语。
例如：Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃午饭了吗？
Yes, I have . I’ve just had it. 是的，我刚吃完。
I have had a clock now. 我现在有一个闹钟了。
Have you already posted the photos? 你把照片寄走了吗
The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时，会议已经开始了。
We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term.
到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词。
They had done the work at five o’clock. 在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李蕾已经三年了。
I have worked here since ten years ago. 自从十年前我就在这工作。
We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。
They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours.这时他们已经有24个小时没有合眼了。

3.使用时注意事项
使用现在完成时应该注意：
（1）“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意义，即 “有”。
例如：Have you got a pen-friend? 你有笔友吗？
Yes, I have. 是的，我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? 他有许多工作要做吗？
No, he hasn’t. 不，他没有。

（2） have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的区别
have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”； have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”。 have/ has
been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用； have/ has gone to则不可。例如：
— Have Jack ever been to Beijing? 杰克去过北京吗？
— Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的，他去过好几次了。
— Where have Mary and Tom gone? 玛丽和汤姆去哪里了？
— They’ve gone to London. 他们去伦敦了。

（3）非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。
这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够
用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。例如：
arrive, come → be here, be in
begin, start → be on
buy → have
die → be dead
fall asleep(ill) → be asleep (ill)
finish, end → be over
get to know → know
get up → be up
go out → be out
join → be in , be a + 名词
leave, move → be away, be out of
使用过去完成时应该注意：
如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时。例如：
When she came into the room, she found them sitting together singing.
她进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌。
After we said good-bye to our friends, we left the village.
在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子。

现在完成时和过去完成时的区别与用法：

现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作。
I have cleaned the classroom .（强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了！）
We have lived here for ten years.（“住”从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时）
We have lived here since we came here.（“住”是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时）
过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两过去的时间或动作，一定要注意这点哟！
Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.("来”中国已过去，而先前“住”在纽约更过去！）（另外注意：“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在哟！）
We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.
（“上期期末”已过去，而是在其前“学”的就更过去了！）

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。如：

He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：

Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。（着重点是现在有了一台新电脑）

3. 两种时态的区分

（1）一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词have /has +过去分词”。如：
（2）一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？
① Have you seen the film?（A）
Did you see the film?（B）
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？（A）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（B）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② How has he done it?(A)
How did he do it?(B)
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的
询问做这件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.（A）
He lived in Beijing for 8 years.（B）
[说明]他在北京住了8年。（A）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。

二、英语书面表达专项训练
2． “持之以恒，方得始。”坚持是一种可贵的品格。生活中想要做成任何一件事情，都需要持之以恒的精神。
某英文网站正在开展以“坚持”为主题的征文活动。假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿。谈淡你在初中生活中坚持的一件事（爱好，习惯……），你是怎样做的，以及你的感受。
提示词语：keep, practice, difficult, give up, proud
提示问题：1. What did you do?
2. How do you feel?
It s important for us to keep trying to achieve our goals.
【答案】It's important for us to keep trying to achieve our goals.I love running and I have kept running for three years.
When I was in Grade 7，I was not good at sports and running was always my headache.I often failed in my running test.In order to catch up with my classmates，I began to practice running every day after school.Sometimes，I was so tired that I really wanted to give up.But I kept telling myself that I could make it.No matter what kind of difficulties I faced，I tried my best to keep running.Now I do much better in running and I'm very proud of myself.I feel more confident and I'm ready for any challenges in the future.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇是材料作文，根据所给提示写一篇自己在初中生活中坚持做的事；文中写明自己是怎么做的并谈谈自己的感受。
【详解】
1.本篇要求根据所给材料，用第一人称写初中生活中自己坚持做的一件事，根据提示，描写“What did you do?用一般过去时，描写How do you feel?用一般现在时。书写时要紧扣主题，文句通顺。
2.本例文开篇立即点明自己的坚持做的事是“跑步”，正文部分详细地描写了自己起初跑步总是不及格，通过克服困难、不懈地努力，坚持跑步，到现在比以前会跑；结尾谈了这件事对自己的影响；文章结构清晰，前后呼应。
3.本例文出彩之处在于用了很多的短语和重点句型。比如：固定搭配、固定句型It's +adj+ for us +to do sth、love doing sth、keep doing 、be good at、 catch up with、be proud of；不定式in order to；try my best to；状语从句so…that …；比较级do much better in …、feel more confident等；短语多彩、文句表达多样。

3．假如你是李华，你们学校准备组织学生本周五去北京世园会参观。你打算邀请外教 Peter参加。请用英语写一封电子邮件，告诉他集合的时间和地点，在那里可以做什么，以及参观时需要准备什么。
提示词语： school gate, nature, culture, food and drink
提示问题： ●When and where are you going to meet?
●What are you going to do there?
●What do you advise Peter to prepare for the visit?
Dear Pete,
How is it going?
I am writing to invite you to visit Beijing International Horticulture Exposition in Yanqing.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I'm looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua

【答案】
Dear Peter，
How is it going?
I am writing to invite you to visit Beijing International Horticulture Exposition. We will meet at the school gate at 7:00 a.m. this Friday. Then we will go to Beijing International Horticulture Exposition together. We can do a lot of things there. We can not only enjoy the special and beautiful plants but also learn different cultures in various indoor or outdoor shows. We plan to stay there for a whole day. You'd better wear a pair of comfortable sports shoes and take some food and drinks with you.
I'm looking forward to your early reply.
Yours, Li Hua
【解析】
【详解】
1. 题干解读：这是一篇给材料作文，属于应用文写作。本文已经给出了主要写作要点，动笔前要先认真阅读要点，写作中，应注意描述的全面性，尽量将提示的内容利用上；提示的问题就是写作的基本方向，然后围绕要点适当发挥即可。

2. 例文点评：文章采取邮件格式，时态以一般将来时态为主。语言的表述应该符合语法的结构，语言准确，语意连贯，表达清楚，具有逻辑性。

3. 高分亮点：
短语：school gate；invite sb. to do；a lot of；plan to do。
句型：not only…but also；You'd better …；I'm looking forward to…。

4．书面表达
以下是你校校刊YOUTH中YOUR VOICE栏目的征稿内容，请根据提示，用英语写一篇短文，表达你的想法。
Hi,
I’m David, the editor of YOUTH. We all know the exchange students are going back to the US soon. We would like to give them some traditional Chinese things as gifts, such as Chinese paintings, silk, tea …Today I would like to collect some ideas. In your article, you should:
Ø recommend two traditional Chinese things
Ø show your reasons why you recommend them
Looking forward to hearing from you.
David
注意事项：
1. 对所有要点逐一陈述，适当发挥。
2. 要求语句通顺、意思连贯、符合情境；
3. 词数在90个左右，感谢信的首尾已在答题卡上给出，不计入总词数；
4. 文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am glad to share my opinion with you.____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________
【答案】Dear Sir/Madam,
I am glad to share my opinion with you. I would like to recommend Chinese paintings as a gift because Chinese paintings have a long history. What’s more, they are quite different from the ones in the US. Foreign friends can learn more about Chinese art from them.
The second gift I want to recommend is silk scarves. Silk is a symbol of our great culture and popular among Chinese people. It feels very soft and comfortable. Why not buy them some silk scarves?
I believe the exchange students will like the two gifts and always remember the moments with us.
【解析】
【详解】
本文主要是向别人分享想法，推荐礼物。第一句话点题，随后引出文章的两个主题，一· recommend two traditional Chinese things。例如：I would like to recommend Chinese paintings as a gift because Chinese paintings have a long history. 以及The second gift I want to recommend is silk scarves.二· show your reasons why you recommend them。理由一：because Chinese paintings have a long history. What’s more, they are quite different from the ones in the US. 理由二：Silk is a symbol of our great culture and popular among Chinese people. It feels very soft and comfortable.最后用I believe the exchange students will like the two gifts and always remember the moments with us总结全篇。文章干净利落，层次分明。

5．为配合学校“诚信教育”活动，学校英语报开展了以“Try to be honest”为主题的征文活动。请你根据下面的内容提示，写一篇征文稿。
（1）列举你班同学存在的不诚实现象：抄作业，考试作弊，说谎话......;
（2）简述诚实的重要性，并用你的一次具体经历加以说明。
注意：（1）文中不得出现真实的人名和学校名称。
（2）词数100左右。
（3）短文首句仅供参考，不计入总数。
参考词汇：作弊cheat（v.）说谎tell a lie
Try to be honest
To be honest is one of the most treasured traditional values in China.____________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________
【答案】Try to be honest
To be honest is one of the most treasured traditional values in China. The children are taught to be honest when they are very young. At schools the students are also instructed to be honest.
However, with the development of society, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Reports with the theme of dishonesty often appear in the media. For example, some people try to get rich and live a comfortable life. But they do not work hard honestly, instead they cheat others. They sell something quite ordinary at a very high price. Some people’s delaying paying back the loan can serve as another example. Some people, including some college students, get loan from the bank, and promise to pay within, say, 3 years. However, they don’t do that.
The dishonest people sometimes can get benefit from their behaviors So some people assert that dishonesty can bring people benefit, while honesty only makes people suffer. Is that so? Definitely not. It is always true that honesty is the best policy. It pays to be honest. The cheater selling "the treasure" mentioned above will surely be disclosed and punished some day.
On the contrary, if he had been honest, neither the buyer nor he himself would have suffered. The people who do not return money in time will sooner or later become infamous, and will not get the money from others again. If he had acted differently, he would have earned respect and trust, meanwhile, the bank would not have suffered from loss.
【解析】这是一篇诚信征文，英语作文要注意人称和时态，注意提供的观点、材料，要注意句子的完整性，谓语动词的正确形式，句子之间的衔接和过渡。英语作文，要忠实于材料，不必扩展，注意用好连词，多用非谓语，慎用较难的句型，一定不能写错句。

6．书面表达
请根据提示内容，以My low-carbon life为题写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的“低碳生活”，以及你对“低碳生活”的认识。
提示：1. 出行方式
2. 不浪费纸、水、电等
3. 其他低碳生活的方式（补充一点）
4. 低碳生活的作用
注意：1．词数80左右，开头已经写好，不计入总词数；
2．回复须包括所有要点，可适当发挥，使全文连贯、通顺；
3．文中不得提及真实的人名等相关信息。
My low-carbon life
Low-carbon life is a kind of lifestyle. It’s a habit to save all the sources of energy around us. It’s important to protect our environment. _______________________
__________________________________
【答案】My low-carbon life
Low-carbon life is a kind of lifestyle. It’s a habit to save all the sources of energy around us. It’s important to protect our environment. First, I always go to school on foot and tell my parents to walk to work instead of driving the car. Second, I save water and electricity by turning off the taps , fans; TV sets and lights in time when I don't need them. What's more, water is reused by us in my family all the time. Third, I use the both sides of the paper. I think it is good to make full use of paper. By doing this, we can save many trees. At last, I would go shopping with basket rather than plastic bags.
I believe our life will become better and better if we can do these things.
Lower carbon, happier life. Let's take actions.
【解析】
【详解】
这是一篇话题作文。请根据提示内容，以My low-carbon life为题写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的“低碳生活”，以及你对“低碳生活”的认识。本文时态主要为一般现在时。人称主要为第一人称。认真阅读所给提示要点，确定主题，根据要点列出提纲，所写内容必须包括所有要点，可适当发挥，语句通顺，意思连贯，书写规范。写完以后，注意再读一遍，看看有无单词拼写、标点、语法错误（时态、主谓一致等）。本文提纲：
我的低碳生活
低碳生活是一种生活方式。节约我们周围所有的能源是一种习惯。保护我们的环境很重要。首先，我总是步行去上学，告诉父母步行去上班，而不要开车。其次，当我不需要的时候，我会及时关掉水龙头、风扇、电视机和电灯，以节约用水和用电。更重要的是，我们家里的水一直都在重复利用。第三，我使用纸张的两面。我认为充分利用纸张是件好事。通过这样做，我们可以拯救许多树木。最后，我会带着篮子购物而不使用塑料袋。
我相信如果我们能做这些事情，我们的生活会越来越好。
低碳，快乐生活。我们采取行动吧。
【点睛】
书面表达要求将所规定的材料内容经整理后展开思维，考查运用所学英语知识准确表达意思的能力。语言要规范，时态运用要正确，叙述清楚条里，学习中注意总结，牢记一些固定句式及短语，写作时就可以适当引用。注意书写的规范：大小写、标点符号等的正确运用。注意检查：单词拼写、语法、动词时态、语序、主谓一致等。写作六步法：1.审题：文体，时态，人称。2.抓住要点：要点是否齐全，适当补充。3.扩充句子：通过增加状语，定语，连词，使句子意思饱满充实。4.连句成文，合理使用连词。5.改正错误：拼写是否错误，语法时态是否正确，连词是否恰当等。6.誊写作文：注意书写工整美观整洁。

7．书面表达
某英文报社组织了题为“我喜欢的英语谚语”征文活动，你有意参加。请从下面两句谚语中任选一句作为标题写一篇英语作文，内容须包括：
1. 该谚语的含义；
2. 体现该谚语含义的个人经历。
a) A friend in need is a friend indeed.
b) Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
参考词汇：谚语 proverb
_________________________________________________
【答案】A Friend in Need is a Friend Indeed
A life without friends is a life without sunshine! Friends try their best to help you without thinking of what they can get from it.
Once I doubted the usefulness of study, losing my interests and direction, even confidence. Finally, I decided to stop studying. After knowing the news, my friend encouraged me patiently. She insisted on persuading me until I promised to give up this thought.
Later, I made up my mind to study hard so as to enter my dream university.
Many people will be in and out of your life, but only true friends will leave footprints in your hear. True friends always come to you when you need help.
【解析】
【分析】
这是命题作文。二选一，第一个是“患难见真情”，第二个是“有志者事竞成”。
【详解】
标题都是以谚语的形式出现，所以考生第一步做的是理解这两个言语的意思，选择自己较有把握的。在选择标题之后，根据所给内容提示，进行写作。写作时，先要选择自己熟悉的短语或者句型，在能力范围之内，选择句式时要赋予变化，这样才可以更好的驾驭。同时也要选择合适的连接词，把各个要点组织成一个完整的整体

8．书面表达。
因学习压力大，部分中学生的身体健康状况有所下降，这一