中考英语语法考点复习汇编句子成分、句子结构和句子分类).doc

中考英语语法考点复习汇编
句子成分、句子结构和句子分类
一、概述
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分；
句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和同位语；
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语）；
其他成分如定语、状语和同位语是句子的次要成分；
句子成分由一定的单词、短语或句子组成。
二、英语中的十大词类
英语中的词类主要包括十大种：
（一）  名词
名词(n = noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如：
foreigner外国人   soap肥皂    Newton牛顿    law法律     freedom自由    peace和平
（二）  冠词
冠词(art = article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词（a/an）和定冠词（the）两种。
（三） 代词
代词(pro = pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。例如：
I 我 your你的 something某事 what什么 all所有的
（四） 数词 
数词(num = numeral)是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。例如：
one一 twenty 二十 first第一 twentieth第二十
（五）形容词
形容词(adj = adjective)是用来修饰名词，表示名词属性的词。例如：
yellow黄色的 wonderful惊人的 strong强大的
（六）副词  
副词(adv =adverb)用来修饰动词、形容词和副词。例如：
together一起 carefully仔细地 however然而 very 非常
（七）动词
动词(v = verb)是表示动作或状态的词。例如：
sign 签字 support支持have 有 exist 存在
（八）介词
介词(prep = preposition)又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面，表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系。例如：
（九）连词 
连词(conj = conjunction)是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，在句中一般不重读，也不能在句中单独作句子成分。 例如：
if如果whether是否 when当...时候 although虽然 because因为
（十）感叹词
感叹词(interj = interjection)是表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词。例如：
oh哦well好吧 hello你好
三、句子成分、句子结构和句子分类考点纵览

考点一：
八大句子成分
1、主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式以及从句充当。
名词
China is a big country.
The workers are building the bridge.
Many visitors come to Beijing every year.
代词
He is a hard-working student.
Everyone should know the traffic rules.
What has happened outside?
1、数词
Ten is an even number.
Four is the half of eight.
Ninety-nine will be enough.
2、名词化形容词（the+adj）
The rich often drive to the countryside to breathe the fresh air.
The injured have been taken to the hospital.
The beautiful is needed by everyone.
3、动名词
Swimming is my hobby.
Cleaning the classroom after school is our duty.
Smoking means killing oneself slowly.
4、动词不定式
To learn English well is important.
To cook a big meal will take more than two hours.
To cheat in the exam is a shame.
注：动词不定式作主语时常用it做形式主语，将真正主语不定式放在后面，常用结构是“It is +名词/形容词+to do sth”。例如以上各句可以如下表达：
It is important to learn English well.
It will take more than two hours to cook a big meal.
It is a shame to cheat in the exam.
5、从句作主语
That China is the third largest country in the world is a fact.
When the sports meeting will be held hasn't been decided.
How people build the Egyptian pyramids still remains a mystery.
2、谓语
谓语是用来陈述主语做了什么事或处于某种状态，一般位于主语之后，谓语必须是动词
He usually watches TV after dinner.
Tom bought a cellphone three days ago.
The police ran after the thief and caught him in the end.
She got up and went out.
The baby turns around in the bed, opens her eyes and cries.
3、宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，一般位于及物动词和介词之后。有时，会有双宾语。
1、名词
I like coffee.
The cat is under the tree.
Sometimes we can see the rainbow after the rain.
2、代词
I hate him a lot.
None of us believe that.
He will tell us something.
3、数词
There were many apples on the table but I only ate three.
The assistant showed me three dresses and I finally bought two.
Ten computers are far enough. We just need five.
4、形容词（the+adj）
We should care for the old.
The rich are equal to the poor in front of law.
During wartime, we can see the wounded all over the ground.
5、动名词
Do you like collecting stamps?
I have finished doing my homework.
The tourists enjoy lying on the beach on sunny days.
What about going on a picnic this Sunday.
He imagines having a big house with a beautiful garden.
注：动名词作宾语常放在动词finish, enjoy, mind, imagine, keep, practice, allow, advise, suggest, feel like, have fun等后面或者介词后面。
6、动词不定式
He hopes to meet his teacher again.
I wanted to have a good rest.
Would you like to come to my birthday party?
7、从句作宾语
He thinks English is interesting.
Do you know where my best friend lives?
I wonder how he can swim across the Yangze River.
注：宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。
We brought them some food. = We brought some food to them.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。
① 一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
② 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
4、表语
表语主要用于说明主语的性质、属性、特征和身份等。
1、名词
This is a desk.
Finally he becomes a policeman.
That still remains a mystery.
2、代词
It is me.
You are nothing.
What is your father?
3、 数词
The lady has been thirty.
Forty and fifty is ninety.
Most of them are over eighteen.
4、形容词
The workers looked tired after work.
My dream will come true sooner or later.
The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
The children in poor countries often stay hungry.
We should keep calm in face of difficulties.
5、动名词
My hobby is making model planes.
Seeing is believing.
His dream is traveling around the world.
6、动词不定式
Our goal is to win the championship of the World Cup.
The teacher's advice is to practice English as much as possible.
The mission of the army is to protect their country.
7、 介词短语
All the students are in the classroom.
Mr. Smith is not at home.
The monkey is on the tree.
8、 从句
The fact is that she has refused your invitation.
My suggestion is that you should take actions at once.
The captain's request is that all the sailors jump into the sea.
5、宾语补足语
在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语补足语放在宾语后面，对宾语进行进一步的补充说明，讲述宾语的状态或者特征。
1、名词
We name him Tom.
All the students consider him an excellent teacher.
We elected him chairman.
The parents hope to make him a singer.
We call them mooncakes.
I think it a hard job to pave the road on such hot days.
常接名词作宾语补足语的动词：call, name, make, consider, choose, elect, think。
2、 形容词
The coming exam makes the students anxious.
We are trying to keep the angry woman calm.
I find the book useful.
Most of us think the plan practical.
Don't leave me alone.
He considers himself wise and brave.
常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词：keep, make, find, leave, consider, think
3、 介词短语
Don't always keep the children at home.
When the boy woke up, he found himself in the hospital.
I left my key on the table.
Open the window and let the fresh air into the room.
常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词：keep, find, leave, let
4、 动词ing形式
I see the boy playing near the river.
Can you hear someone crying over there?
The policeman finds the thief picking the girl's pocket.
She watches the little baby swallowing the milk.
You shouldn't keep the machine running all the time.
常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词：see, watch, hear, find, keep, notice
5、 动词不定式
The teacher asked us to hand in our homework in time.
The girl's mother told her to pass the salt to her.
The man wants me to lend him one hundred yuan.
Can you teach me to learn English?
I wish all of us to fly to the moon one day.
常接带动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词：ask, tell, want, teach, wish
6、 动词原形
I see the old woman walk across the road.
She watches her mother cook the fish.
The little boy often hears his grandpa tell funny stories.
The students made the teacher explain the question again.
Don't let others break your life.
常接动词原形作宾语补足语的动词：see, watch, hear, make, let
6、定语
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征。
1、 冠词
a man
an apple
the boy over there
2、名词
I bought a pair of sports shoes.
Would you like a glass of orange juice.
The leather jacket costs much.
A man teacher teaches us English.
The girl students are usually more careful than the boy students.
3、代词
My dictionary is lost.
These flowers are very pleasant.
Which subject do you like best?
Whose bag is this?
Every coin has two sides.
4、数词
We need three helpers to fix the airconditioner.
Ten thousand tourists pay a visit to the West Lake every year.
I felt uneasy abroad in the first few days.
5、形容词
The rich people are not always happy ones.
The hard-working students will get a high mark in the exam.
Something strange happened during the last night.
The popular singer received a warm welcome in our school.
6、介词短语
The weather in China is better than that in Japan.
The cover of the book is yellow.
The students from all over the world come to China every year.
The students in my class are all smart.
7、动词ing
He jumps into the swimming pool.
The living room is bigger than the dining room.
He bought a walking stick for his grandpa.
The boy standing under the tree is my cousin.
The player running most quickly will get the first prize.
The musician playing the piano music is Beethoven.
8、动词不定式
The first student to come to school every day is John.
I have a lot of homework to do.
Would you like something to eat?
The one to laugh last is the one to laugh best.
The sad woman needs a person to talk with.
I need a piece of paper to write on.
9、过去分词
The broken cup is mine.
The retired man has been sixty year old.
We can see a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
The boy beaten by his father cried sadly.
The bridge built in 1999 is a stone one.
The watch made in Switzerland is of good quality.
10、定语从句
This is the book that I bought yesterday.
I like the present which my mother sent to me on my birthday.
I will never forget the day when I joined the army.
That is the flat where I lived three years ago.
I don't like this kind of person who speaks more but does less.
Nobody believes the reason why he was absent from the meeting.
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
1、名词短语
I went to Beijing last year.
He will come back tomorrow morning.
The baby was born the day before yesterday.
Hold on and wait a minute, please.
2、副词
He studies hard.
The lady is seriously ill.
The man is too fat.
Unfortunately, I missed the first train.
You shouldn't do that so carelessly.
3、介词短语
The earthquake happened on a quiet night.
I often go to school by bus.
He was born in a small village.
We usually cut the apple with a knife.
We canceled the sports meeting because of the rain.
It is good for us to get up early in the morning.
4、动词ing
Being ill, he didn't go to school.
Seeing from the mountain, you will get a bird view of the village.
The volcano broke out in Japan, killing a lot of people.
Having finished her homework, the girl went back.
He wandered around the lake, langhing and singing.
Players do much training before the match, hoping to beat others.
注：动词ing做状语，可以表示原因、时间、条件、方式、结果和目的等。
5、动词不定式
He studies hard to go to a good college.
The boy runs as fast as possible to catch up with the others.
She saved a lot of money (in order) to buy a new house.
(In order) to earn much, he works hard.
He went to bed early (so as) to have a good sleep.
The man arrived home, only to find that his house was broken into.
He ran to the station, to be told that the train had left.
注：动词不定式表示目的或结果状语（出乎意料）。
6、过去分词
Seen from the mountain, the village is more beautiful.
Praised by his parents, the boy felt very excited.
Watered by the children, the flowers become more fresh.
Given more time, we can do it much better.
注：过去分词做状语，可以表示原因、时间、条件、方式、结果和目的等。
7、状语从句
When I was a boy, I often played with fire.
If you can offer me help, I will be grateful to you.
He doesn't like Maths because he is not interested in it at all.
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
8、同位语
句子中指代同一事物的两个词、短语或句子，称同位关系。同位语用以对前面的名词进行进一步的补充和说明。
1、名词
We Chinese people should love our country.
Mo Yan, the winner of Nobel Literature Prize, is an ordinary man.
Xijinping, chairman of the People's Republic of China, is 62.
John, an American boy, is seven years old.
2、代词
We both are students.
They each eat a mooncake.
3、数词
You two work in pairs.
We ten can finish the work.
4、同位语从句
I heard the news that he had won a lottery of five million.
He told me a story that an ugly duck becomes a pretty white swan.
The girl got an idea that they went to see the film "Transformer 4".
考点二：
五种简单基本句型
1、 主语+谓语 （不及物动词）（SV）
The sun│rose.
Who│cares?
What he said│does not matter.
They│talked for half an hour.
The pen│writes smoothly
2、 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 （SVO）
1. Who │knows │the answer?
2. He │has refused │to help them.
3. He │enjoys │reading.
4. He │said │"Good morning."
5. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
3、 主语+系动词+表语（SVP）
This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
The dinner│smells│good.
He│fell │ill.
Everything │looks │different.
His face │turned │red.
4、 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 （SVoO）
She│ordered │herself │a new dress.
He│brought │you │a dictionary.
I│showed │him │my pictures.
I│told │him │that the bus was late.
He│showed │me │how to run the machine.
5、 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 （SVOC）
They │painted │the door │green.
This │set│them │thinking.
They │found│the house │deserted.
He│asked│me│to come back soon.
I│saw│them │getting on the bus.
考点三：
句子的分类
1、按用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
陈述句（肯定、否定）
He is six years old.
She didn’t hear of you before.
疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）
Do they like skating?
How old is he?
Is he six or seven years old?
Mary can swim, can't she?
祈使句
Be careful, boys; Don't talk in class.
感叹句
How clever the boy is!
What good weather it is today!
2、按结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句
简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.

四、 巩固训练
1、指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
2、选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't         B. like                C. picture       D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get            B. longer            C. days   D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do         B. usually            C.go        D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be     B. meeting          C. the library  D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did        B. twins              C. have   D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom      B. didn't             C. do      D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want     B. to tell             C. you     D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We      B. had                C. send   D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is       B. interested       C. in         D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give      B.did                  C. whom D. book
3、挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his