无机化学物质的命名市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

无机化合物命名无机化合物命名NomenclatureofInorganicChemicalselementcompound第1页第1页一一.元素和单质命名元素和单质命名 “元元素素”和和“单单质质”英英文文意意思思都都是是“element”，有有时时为为了了区区别别，在在强强调调“单单质质”时时可可用用“freeelementorelementarysubstance”。因因此此，单单质质英英文文名名称称与与元元素素英英文文名名称称是是同同样样。下下面面给给出出既既是是元元素素名名称称，同时又是单质名称。同时又是单质名称。第2页第2页S-blockElement(S区元素区元素)IAHydrogen(H)Lithium(Li)Sodium(Na)Potassium(K)Rubidium(Ru)Cesium(Ce)Francium(Fr)IIABeryllium(Be)Magnesium(Mg)Calcium(Ca)Strontium(Sr)Barium(Ba)Radium(Ra)P26第3页第3页IIIAboron(B)Aluminium(Al)Gallium(Ga)Indium(In)Thallium(Tl)IVACarbon(C)Silicon(Si)Germanium(Ge)Tin(Sn)Lead(Pb)plumbiVANitrogen(N)Phosphorus(P)Arsenic(As)antimony(Sb)Bismuth(Bi)VIAoxygen(O)sulfur(S)Selenium(Se)Tellurium(Te)Polonium(Po)VIIAfluorine(F)Chlorine(Cl)Bromine(Br)Iodine(I)Astatine(At)0Helium(He)Neon(Ne)argon(Ar)Krypton(Kr)Xenon(Xe)Radon(Ra)P-blockElement(P区元素区元素)第4页第4页CommonTransitionElememtFe:iron;determineMn:manganeseCu:copper;cuprumZn:zinc;spelterHg:mercury;quicksilverAg:silver;argentineAu:gold;aurum第5页第5页二二.化合物命名化合物命名化合物命名顺序都是依据化学式从左往右读，化合物命名顺序都是依据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反。表示原子个数时这与中文读法顺序是相反。表示原子个数时使用前缀：使用前缀：(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-，但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽也许被省去。也许被省去。第6页第6页monovalent:单价单价carbondioxane:CO2tribromethane:CHBr3;tetrachloromethane:CCl4CO(Carbonmonoxide)NO(Nitrogenoxide)NO2(Nitrogendioxide)N2O3(Nitrogentrioxide)N2O5(Nitrogenpentoxide)N2O(nitrousoxide)FeO(Ferrousoxide),Fe2O3(Ferricoxide);MnO(Manganousoxide)Mn2O3(Manganicoxide),H2MnO4(Manganicacid)MnO2(Manganesedioxide)VB:valencebondtheoryMO:molecularorbitaltheory第7页第7页1.化合物正电荷部分读法化合物正电荷部分读法1.1SinglevalenceionsCationsname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium如如:CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4：Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中后缀中a,o在后在后-o之前省去之前省去)ion:离子离子anion：阴离子阴离子cation:阳离子阳离子第8页第8页1.2MultivalenceionsCationsname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)第9页第9页2.化合物负电荷部分读法化合物负电荷部分读法2.1MonatomicanionsAnionsname=Elementsroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride第10页第10页2.2Polyatomicoxyanions2.2.1Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正正酸根酸根-ate)Anionsname=CentralElementsroot-ateForexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate第11页第11页2.2.2Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸次酸根根-ite)Anionsname=Hypo-Centralelementsroot-iteForexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite第12页第12页2.2.3Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根高酸根Per-ate)Anionsname=Per-CentralElementsroot-ateForexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate第13页第13页2.2.4含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采取前后缀不同组合显示不同价态含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子含有相同前缀，不同后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它前缀还有 ortho-正 meta-偏 thio-硫代举例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4-perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3-chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2-chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO-hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32-thiosulfate ion第14页第14页3.Namingcompounds3.1MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide第15页第15页Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideForexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中后缀中a,o在后一在后一o之前省去之前省去)有些物质惯用俗称有些物质惯用俗称,如如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide3.2Nonmetaloxide第16页第16页4.非金属氢化物非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则依据化学式写法不同而有所不同。4.1 对于卤族和氧族氢化物，H在化学式中写在前面，因此将其当作与另一元素二元化合物。举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride第17页第17页4.2对对于于其其它它族族非非金金属属氢氢化化物物，在在化化学学式式中中写写在后面，可加后缀在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加，氮族还可加-ine。举例：举例：PH3:phosphine或或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或或arsaneSbH3:stibine或或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diboraneNH3:ammonia第18页第18页5.无氧酸无氧酸命名规则：命名规则：hydro-词根词根-icacid举例：举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacidHF:hydrofluoricacidHBr:hydrobromicaicd第19页第19页总结总结:HH2 2SOSO4 4 （+6）Sulfuricacid(正正)HH2 2SOSO3 3 （+4）sulfurousacid;(亚亚)HH2 2SOSO5 5 Peroxysulfuric,（过）（过）HH2 2SOSO7 7（+6）Pyrosulfuric,acid)(焦焦)HH2 2S S2 2O O3 3(Thiosulfuricacid）e.g.Na2S2O3（硫代）（硫代）-H2O-O-O-OS O第20页第20页HPOHPO3 3（偏）（偏）(Meta phosphoric,)HH3 3POPO4 4(正正)(Phosphoric,)HH3 3POPO3 3 （亚亚）(Phosphorous,)HH3 3POPO2 2 (次次)(Hypo-phosphorous,)HH4 4P P2 2O O7 7(焦焦)(Pyro phosphoric,)分子间分子间-H2O分子内分子内-H2O-O-O+5+3+1HNOHNO3 3 (Nitricacid,+5);HNOHNO2 2(Nitrousacid,+3)-O第21页第21页HH3 3BOBO3 3(Ortho boric,)(原原);HClOHClO(Hypochlorousacid)(次次)HClOHClO3 3(Chloricacid)(正正)HClOHClO4 4(Perchloricacid)(高高)HClO2(Chlorousacid)(亚亚)-O-O-O+5+7+3+1第22页第22页6.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide第23页第23页7.盐盐(Salts)7.1正盐正盐(Normalsalt)：依据化学式从左往右分别：依据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子名称。读出阳离子和阴离子名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionForexample:HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate第24页第24页7.2酸式盐：酸式盐：(Acidicsalts)同正盐读法，酸根中同正盐读法，酸根中读做读做hydrogen，氢原子个数用前缀表示。，氢原子个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionForexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或或Sodiumbicarbonate第25页第25页7.3BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionForexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3:Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl:CalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4:Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate第26页第26页7.4复盐复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐读法。：同正盐读法。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation+anionForexample:NaKSO3:SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4:CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate第27页第27页7.5水合盐：结晶水读做水合盐：结晶水读做water或或hydrate如如AlCl36H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water第28页第28页8.Acids8.1Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid第29页第29页8.2Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid第30页第30页 命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在名称后标出。名称后标出。KBF4potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)K4Fe(CN)6potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateCo(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate9.络合物命名络合物命名（Namingcoordinationcomplex）第31页第31页9.1Ligands(配体配体)9.1.1Negativeionsasligands Ligand=Elementsroot-oForexample:CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO32-CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO2-OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato第32页第32页9.1.2NeutralmoleculesasligandLigand=RadicalnameForexample:NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine第33页第33页9.2Complexions9.1NeutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)Forexample:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)第34页第34页9.2ComplexionswithnegativechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalsroot-ate(N)Forexample:Fe(CN)64-Hexafluoroferrate(II)BF4-Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4-Tetrachloroaurate(III第35页第35页9.3NamingcomplexComplex=Cation+anionForexample:LiAlH4 Lithiumtetrahydroaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0)第36页第36页常见配体名称常见配体名称第37页第37页10.Halide(卤化物卤化物):):NH4Cl(AmmoniumChloride),CaF2(Calciumfluoride),NaBr(Potassiumbromide),KI(PotassiumIodide)PCl3(Phosphorustrichloride)TheNameofCation+Halide第38页第38页InorganicChemistryIntroduce:Inorganicchemistryisthestudyofthesynthesisandbehaviorofinorganicandorganometalliccompounds.Ithasapplicationsineveryaspectofthechemicalindustryincludingcatalysis,materialsscience,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,andagriculture.第39页第39页Inorganicchemistsareemployedinfieldsasdiverseastheminingandmicrochipindustries,environmentalscience,andeducation.Theirworkisbasedonunderstandingthebehaviorandtheanaloguesforinorganicelements,andhowthesematerialscanbemodified,separatedorusedofteninproductapplications.Itincludesdevelopingmethodstorecovermetalsfromwastestreams;employmentasanalyticalchemistsspecializinginanalysisofminedores;performingresearchontheuseofinorganicchemicalsfortreatingsoil.第40页第40页 Manyinorganicchemistsgointoindustry,buttheyarealsoatuniversitiesandingovernmentlabs.Inorganicchemistswhoworkingovernmentsaytheirtimeisincreasinglyspentwritinggrantproposalsandcompetingforasmallpoolofresearchmoney.Inorganicchemistscomparetheirjobstothoseofmaterialsscientistsandphysicists.Allthreefieldsexploretherelationshipbetweenphysicalpropertiesandfunctions,butinorganicchemistryisthemostkeenlyfocusedonthesepropertiesatthemolecularlevel.第41页第41页IsaCreativeField Thefieldofinorganicchemistryhastraditionallybeencharacterizedbyscientistswithanartisticorcreativeflair.Manyinorganicchemistssaythattheyweredrawntothefieldinpartbytheprettycolorsofthemetalsinthelabandbytheinterestingthingsthatcouldbedoneinthelab.Theyoftensaytheopportunitiesforcreativityandinferentialthinkingarewhattheylikebestabouttheirwork.Describingthemselvesastinkerers,inorganicchemistslikeputtingthingstogetherandsolvingproblemsandstresstheimportanceofbeingdetailoriented,precise,andpersistent.Inorganicchemistsdescribetheirworkasaconstantchallenge.Thejobchangesallthetime,saysSteveCaldwell,aninorganicchemistworkingatDowChemical.EverydaythereareanewsetofissuesandIhavetodeterminewhicharethemostimportantonestoworkonfirst.Itsdefinitelynotaninetofivejob.第42页第42页IntegratesManyDisciplines Inorganicchemistry,likemanyscientificfields,isbecomingmoreinterdisciplinary.Breakthroughsareanticipatedintheinterfacebetweenfieldsratherthaninthemoretraditionalarea.Inthefuture,jobswillnotbefilledbysuperspecialists,saysSauer,butbyscientistswithabroadbaseofknowledge.Eventhoughacourseofstudylikematerialsscienceorpolymersciencemayappeartobetterpositionanindividualforthisinterdisciplinaryfuture,chemistsinthefieldstillstronglyrecommendgettingadegreeininorganicchemistry.Adegreeinthebasicdiscipline,willgiveabetterunderstandingofbonding,valence,andorbitaltheory.第43页第43页 Inaddition,studentsareadvisedtotakecoursesoutsideinorganicchemistrybothtopreparethemselvestointegrateknowledgetowardsproblemsolvingaswellasbeflexibleintodaystoughjobmarket.Dontjuststicktoinorganicchemistry,Sauersays.Learninorganicchemistryandseehowitappliesinotherareas.Caldwelladds,Startingoutininorganicchemistrydoesntmeanthatswhatyoullalwaysdo.Ispentafewyearsdoingenvironmentalresearch;therearealwaysapplicationsinrelatedfields.第44页第44页第45页第45页ExerciseH2SO4HClHNO3HNO2HCNNa2SCuSO4Fe(NO3)3HClO4KCNNH4ClNaClONaOHMn(OH)2Fe2O3P2O5H2O2K2Cr2O7Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4PtCl42-Ag(NH3)2ClK4Fe(CN)6 第46页第46页AnswerH2SO4sulfuricacidHClhydrogenchlorideorhydrochloricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHCNhydrogencyanideorhydrocyanicacidNa2SsodiumsulfideCuSO4copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateFe(NO3)3iron(III)nitrateorferricnitrateHClO4perchloricacidKCNpotassiumcyanideNH4Clammoniumchloride第47页第47页NaClOsodiumhypochloriteNaOHsodiumhydroxideMn(OH)2Manganese(II)hydroxideFe2O3iron(III)oxideorferricoxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideH2O2hydrogenperoxideK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4calciumhydrogenphosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Answer第48页第48页