IEEE 1561-2007 远程混合电力系统中酸性铅蓄电池的性能和寿命的优化用指南.pdf

IEEE Std 1561-2007 IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 8 May 2008 IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 Sponsored by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage 1561 TM Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 标准分享网 w w w .b z f x w .c o m 免费下载 Recognized as an IEEE Std 1561TM-2007 American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage Approved 15 April 2008 American National Standards Institute Approved 5 December 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Abstract: This guide is applicable to lead-acid batteries that are used as the energy storage component in remote hybrid power supplies. The remote hybrid application, with its dual generator option, i.e., both renewable and dispatchable generation, is advantageous in that the battery can usually be charged at will and under circumstances that may also be advantageous for the dispatchable generator. Keywords: charge control, deficit-charge cycling, oxygen recombination cycle, remote hybrid power systems, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, vented lead-acid batteries The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 8 May 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent [phone]. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1561-2007, IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead- Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems. This document is the initial edition of a guide intended to enhance the performance and life of lead-acid batteries used in remote hybrid power supplies. Electrical power from remote hybrid power systems can dramatically enhance the quality of life for multitudes in remote areas that lack access to a reliable, well- regulated source of electrical energy, and remote hybrid systems are increasingly a response to that growing, urgent need. Well-designed hybrid systems, used within the constraints of their capacities and capabilities, can supply reliable, continuous electrical power to these remote loads. Lead-acid batteries are often selected for these applications because of their suitability, low cost, and near-universal availability. These batteries, however, do not always perform to expectations in these applications. This guide addresses factors that affect lead-acid batteries in these applications and suggests choices and practices that can enhance both their performance and life. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self- regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA Web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 标准分享网 w w w .b z f x w .c o m 免费下载 v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non- discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval SCC21 had the following membership: Richard DeBlasio, Chair Stephen Chalmers, Vice Chair Thomas Basso, Secretary David L. Basset John J. Bzura Jay L. Chamberlin James M. Daley Douglas C. Dawson Frank Goodman Kelvin Hecht Joseph L. Keopfinger Benjamin Kroposki Robert Saint Mallur N. Satyanarayan Timothy P. Zgonena Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Energy Storage Working group of Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photolvoltics, Dispersed Generation and Energy Storage had the following membership: Peter McNutt, Chair Carl Parker, Task Leader Ken Sanders, Secretary Howard Barikmo Paul Butler Rob Cary Jay Chamberlin Garth Corey Lauren Giles Bob Hammond Thomas Hund Liang Ji Larry Meisner Haissam Nasrat Michael Nispel Rob Rallo Jan Reber Stephen Vechy John Wiles The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Curtis Ashton Ali Al Awazi Thomas Basso Robert Beavers Steven Bezner Steven Brockschink Thomas Carpenter James Case Jay Chamberlin Mark Clark Tommy Cooper Garth Corey Eddie L. Davis Donald Dunn Gary Engmann Randall Groves Ajit Gwal David Horvath Dennis Horwitz David Ittner, Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam William Lumpkins Keith N. Malmedal James Mcdowall Peter Mcnutt Gary Michel Keith Moore Jerry Murphy Haissam Nasrat Michael S. Newman Robert Rallo Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Randall Safier Bartien Sayogo Devki Sharma Herbert Sinnock Stephen Vechy James Wilson Oren Yuen When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 标准分享网 w w w .b z f x w .c o m 免费下载 vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development William A. Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview. 1 1.1 Scope. 1 1.2 Purpose. 2 2. Normative references. 2 3. Definitions. 2 4. Technology overview. 3 5. Battery safety considerations. 5 6. Battery installation criteria and installation procedures. 5 6.1 Parallel strings. 5 7. Hybrid-supply system considerations. 6 7.1 Battery selection criteria. 6 7.2 Battery sizing considerations. 7 7.3 Other sizing considerations. 8 7.4 Battery charge control. 9 7.5 Battery temperature considerations . 14 7.6 Effects of altitude on VRLA batteries . 17 7.7 Effects of humidity on VRLA batteries. 17 8. System operations. 17 9. Maintenance . 18 Annex A (informative) Lead-acid battery technologies. 19 A.1 Overview . 19 A.2 Battery applications. 21 A3 Vented batteries. 21 A.4 VRLA batteries. 22 A.5 The oxygen recombination cycle. 23 A.6 Failure mechanisms. 23 A.7 Charging . 24 Annex B (informative) Bibliography. 25 Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 标准分享网 w w w .b z f x w .c o m 免费下载 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to assure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview There is a growing demand for remote hybrid power systems because of their capacity to enhance the quality of life for the multitudes of people who lack access to a dependable source of electricity. By definition, a hybrid remote power system includes one or more dispatchable generators, e.g., an engine- powered generator, and one or more renewable-resource-powered generators, e.g., a photovoltaic array. It will also include energy storage, necessary electronic controls, power distribution and loads. The energy storage component is usually a lead-acid battery, which is relatively inexpensive, readily available even in remote areas, and is well suited for the remote hybrid power application. The lead-acid battery is an dependable voltage source that can deliver its store of energy on demand, provided, however, that it is selected and applied within the constraints of its capabilities. Because they are used in most remote hybrid power applications, this guide focuses on lead-acid batteries; both valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) and vented lead-acid batteries are included. Annex A presents an informative discussion of these two lead-acid battery technologies. 1.1 Scope This guide provides rationale and guidance for operating lead-acid batteries in remote hybrid power systems, taking into consideration system loads and the capacities of the systems renewable-energy generator(s), dispatchable generator(s), and battery(s). It also provides guidance for selecting an appropriate lead-acid battery technology for various system operating strategies. Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Science and Technology of China. Downloaded on November 11, 2008 at 09:33 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std1561-2007 IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1.2 Purpose Using the information provided in this guide, the performance and life of the lead-acid battery can be optimized for the particular operational strategy selected for the remote hybrid power system. The information provided is intended for use by remote hybrid system designers, system evaluators, owners and operators. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 937TM, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Lead-Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.1, 2 IEEE Std 1361TM, IEEE Guide f