普通钻床改造为多轴钻床.doc

目 录
目录………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………2
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………2
第1章 绪纶……………………………………………………………………………………………3
1． 1多轴加工应…………………………………………………………………………………3
1． 2多轴加工的设备……………………………………………………………………………4
1． 3多轴加工的趋势……………………………………………………………………………5
第2章 普通钻床改为多轴钻床……………………………………………………………………6
2． 1生产任务……………………………………………………………………………………6
2．2普通立式钻的选型……………………………………………………………………………6
第3章 多轴齿轮传动箱的设计………………………………………………………………………7
3．1设计前的准备…………………………………………………………………………………7
第4章 多轴箱的结构设计与零部件图的绘制………………………………………14
4．1箱盖、箱体和中间板结构…………………………………………………………………14
4．2多轴箱轴的设计...................... .......... .......... ....................................14
4．3轴坐标计算………………………………………………………………………30
第5章 导向装置的设计…………………………………………………………………31
第6章 接杆刀具…………………………………………………………………………31
外文文献………………………………………………………………………………………………31
总结………………………………………………………………………………………36
鸣谢……………………………………………………………………………………………………37
参考文献………………………………………………………………………………………………37
中文摘要
本设计是关于普通钻床改造为多轴钻床的设计。普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。因此本设计的重点是多轴箱的设计，设计内容包括齿轮分布与选用、轴的设计、多轴箱的选用、导向装置设计等。

关键词： 多轴钻床；生产效率；多轴箱

Abstract
The design is about reconstructing the ordinary drill to a multiple drill. The ordinary drill is a single drill. It will improve its productive efficiency, shorten its processing time if assembled a multiple spindle case on. That so calls a multiple drill. Hereby, the keystone of this design paper is how to design a multiple spindle heads. The design subjects include the selection and distribution of gear wheel, the design of spindle, and the guiding equipment and selection of the multiple spindle heads, etc.

Key words: multiple drill; productive efficiency; multiple spindle heads

普通钻床该为多轴钻床

第1章　 绪论
1.1多轴加工应用
据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量　以及清除铁屑等等。使用数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。
1.1.1多轴加工优势
虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个ψ20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要划线工时151.1小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6小时，划线也简单，只要1.9小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30种箱形与杆形零件的2000多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。
1.2 多轴加工的设备
多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个孔。这不仅缩短切削时间，提高精度，减少装夹或定位时间，并且在数控机床中不必计算坐标，减少字块数而简化编程。它可以采用以下一些设备进行加工：立钻或摇臂钻上装多轴头、多轴钻床、多轴组合机床心及自动更换主轴箱机床。甚至可以通过二个能自动调节轴距的主轴或多轴箱，结
合数控工作台纵横二个方向的运动，加工各种圆形或椭圆形孔组的一个或几个工序。现在就这方面的现状作一简介。

1.2.1多轴头
从传动方式来说主要有齿轮传动与万向联轴节传动二种。这是大家所熟悉的。前者效率较高，结构简单，后者易于调整轴距。从结构来说有不可调式与可调式二种。前者轴距　不能改变，多采用齿轮传动，仅适用于大批量生产。为了扩大其赞许适应性，发展了可调式多轴头，在一定范围内可调整轴距。它主要装在有万向.二种。（1）万向轴式也有二种:具有对准装置的主轴。主轴装在可调支架中，而可调支架能在壳体的T形槽中移动，并能在对准的位置以螺栓固定。（2）具有公差的圆柱形主轴套。主轴套固定在与式件孔型相同的模板中。前一种适用于批量小且孔组是规则分布的工件（如孔组分布在不同直径的圆周上）。后一种适用于批量较大式中小批量的轮番生产中，刚性较好，孔距精度亦高，但不同孔型需要不同的模板。
多轴头可以装在立钻式摇臂钻床上，按钻床本身所具有的各种功能进行工作。这种多轴加工方法，由于钻孔效率、加工范围及精度的关系，使用范围有限。
1.2.2 多轴箱
也象多轴头那样作为标准部件生产。美国Secto公司标准齿轮箱、多轴箱等设计的不可调式多轴箱。有32种规格，加工面积从300Ｘ300毫米到600Ｘ1050毫米，工作轴达60根，动力达22.5千瓦。Romai工厂生产的可调多轴箱调整方便，只要先把齿轮调整到接近孔型的位置，然后把与它联接的可调轴移动到正确的位置。因此，这种结构只要改变模板，就能在一定范围内容易地改变孔型，并且可以达到比普通多轴箱更小的孔距。
根据成组加工原理使用多轴箱或多轴头的组合机床很适用于大中批量生产。为了在加工中获得良好的效果，必需考虑以下数点：（1）工件装夹简单，有足够的冷却液冲走铁屑。（2）夹具刚性好，加工时不形变，分度定位正确。（3）使用二组刀具的可能性，以便一组使用，另一组刃磨与调整，从而缩短换刀停机时间。（4）使用优质刀具，监视刀具是否变钝，钻头要机磨。（5）尺寸超差时能立即发现。
1.2.3多轴钻床
这是一种能满足多轴加工要求的钻床。诸如导向、功率、进给、转速与加工范围等。巴黎展览会中展出的多轴钻床多具液压进给。其整个工作循坏如快进、工进与清除铁屑等都是自动进行。值得注意的是，多数具有单独的变速机构，这样可以适应某一组孔中不同孔径的加工需要。1.2.4 自动更换主轴箱机床　
为了中小批量生产合理化的需要，最近几年发展了自动更换主轴箱组合机床。
(1) 自动更换主轴机床　　
自动更换主轴机床顶部是回转式主轴箱库，挂有多个不可调主轴箱。纵横配线盘予先编好工作程序，使相应的主轴箱进入加工工位，定位紧并与动力联接，然后装有工件的工作台转动到主轴箱下面，向上移动进行加工。当变更加工对象时，只要调换悬挂的主轴箱，就能适应不同孔型与不同工序的需要。
(2) 多轴转塔机床　
转塔上装置多个不可调或万向联轴节主轴箱，转塔能自动转位，并对夹紧在回转工作台的工件作进给运动。通过工作台回转，可以加工工件的多个面。因为转塔不宜过大，故它的工位数一般不超过4—6个。且主轴箱也不宜过大。当加工对象的工序较多、尺寸较大时，就不如自动更换主轴箱机床合适，但它的结构简单。
(3) 自动更换主轴箱组合机床
它由自动线或组合机床中的标准部件组成。不可调多轴箱与动力箱按置在水平底座上，主轴箱库转动时整个装置紧固在进给系统的溜板上。主轴箱库转动与进给动作都按标准子程序工作。换主轴箱时间为几秒钟。工件夹紧于液压分度回转工作台，以便加工工件的各个面。好果回转工作台配以卸料装置，就能合流水生产自动化。在可变生产系统中采用这种装置，并配以相应的控制器可以获得完整的加工系统。
4) 数控八轴落地钻床
大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多达15000个，它与支撑板联接在一起加工。孔径为20毫米，孔深180毫米。采用具有内冷却管道的麻花钻，5－7巴压力的冷却液可直接进入切削区，有利于排屑。钻尖磨成90°供自动　定心。它比普通麻花钻耐用，且进给量大。为了缩短加工时间，以8轴数控落地加工。
1． 3 多轴加工趋势
多轴加工生产效率高，投资少，生产准备周期短，产品改型时设备损失少。而且随着我国数控技术的发展，多轴加工的范围一定会愈来愈广，加工效率也会不断提高。

第2章 普通钻床改为多轴钻床
2.1生产任务
在一批铸铁连接件上有同一个面上有多个孔加工。在普通立式钻床上进行孔加工，通常是一个孔一个孔的钻削，生产效率低，用非标设备，即组合机床加工，生产效率高，但设备投资大。
但把一批普通立式普通单轴钻床改造为立式多轴钻床，改造后的多轴钻床，可以同时完成多个孔的钻、扩、铰、等工序。设计程序介绍如下：
2.2 普通立式钻床的选型
2.2.1 计算所需电机功率
零件图如图1所示：

图1为工件零件图，材料：铸铁HT200；料厚：5mm；硬度：HBS170-240HBS；年产量：1000万

轴承安全
1) 8102推力球轴承校核
P=Fa (表3.8-54)[jj] P=4.091N
>30000h(表13-3) [文献6]
轴承安全
4.3 轴坐标计算
为方便在多轴箱上镗孔，因此进行轴坐标计算是十分重要的。
建立如图14坐标系，多轴箱里尺寸如图示为220x180mm,在多轴箱中心安装主动轴，则主动轴坐标可知（110，90），则根据零件图，可算出其他各轴坐标，分别如图所示。

第5章 导向装置的设计
5．1导向装置组成
导向装置主要由导柱、导套、弹簧组成。导柱的上端与多轴箱中间板上的导套滑动配合，下端安装在夹具的钻模板上。
（1） 选择弹簧
用四根弹簧支撑整个多轴箱，粗略估算多轴箱重量：
每根弹簧负荷：F=124.5N
选圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧(表12) [文献7] ，弹簧中径,节距，弹簧丝直径，工作圈数,自由高度.
(1) 导柱、导套的选择
导柱材料为直径16mm,长303mm
导套材料为20号钢。
第6章 接杆刀具
接杆一端为梯形螺纹，与主动轴的内孔滑动配合，通过键传递扭矩。在梯形螺纹段并设计有斜面，以便调整接杆的延伸量来补偿刀具的磨损量。接杆另一端的莫氏锥孔与刀具的莫氏锥柄相配合。

外 文 文 献

It is the new-type inject by shaping technology
1. inject by shaping altogether( inject shaping of at core layers)
Adopt and inject shaping help and observe and make one unique structure altogether. " first" of plastic is injected and fill and enter some types first, then the plastic: " second" follow " first" inject person who enter one and keep initial to drive pressure field of flowing closely. At epidermis district and core the sizes of one, measure and publish" first" and the materials quantities of" second" according to correct proportionate relationship, Make one at" first" complete at" second" to make one parcel appearance core each. In addition, in cosmetics application, the material is put after" second" material injecting to have" first" of epidermis of the small part, So that the epidermis of the part of the runner can be totally closed. Inject making one of shaping altogether with the resin of 2 kinds of different colors, form a piece of a layer of blocks of epidermis and core apt to distinguish (Realize inject shaping one as much as all have and have and one very much important this core similar epidermis. )If there is not advanced detection technique, usually difficult to distinguish the epidermis - core area and boundary of layer. Inject shaping a new technology altogether. British ici company began to use this technology in the 1970s early, and had made the basic theory of including, Produce several patents, such as the products and machinery equipment,etc.. Now similar to " mould mould sandwiches" what has been adopted generally ici production technologies,last outer the materials of the epidermis at moulds and in layers is material different on core occasionally, So two a kind of material person who a certain one inclusives, and core require and have high radiations very, issue and steep shaping and retrieve performance of utilizing etc at 100% by layers of material. Should be fixed relatively by the excellent choice to select the material for use. After injecting the shaping technology and come out in 15 altogether, can really just popularize and popularize . One a kind of adoptions inject the thick teeth of shaping fails and produces horizontal cross-section altogether. Material to pack nylon epidermis, and pearl material pack the nylon at - - glass layers of material core. A rate that shrinks material of pearl of glass is extremely low in core one, have good size stabilities. Nylon prevent pearl from grains of material easy problem of denuding that produces by epidermis person who give good and lubricated tooth tooth gear wheel. Already developed several kinds and processed the method of improving new-typly at present on the basis of the basic theory of injecting shaping altogether. At however, in the mould"" and gas assist paint mould mould. Mould have and paint processing method to adopt low molecular weight polymers as the outer material, Gas assist mould mould shaping to adopt the nitrogen or another kind of gas as the core one( or core ones) material. Produce and process equipment constant to perfect and improve, satisfy of different use newly and the new technologies demands with product design, Inject technology and will become the rich and potential industrialized extensive production technology method altogether.
2. inject by - it compress shaping
Inject and compress shaping move perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction by medium-sized s of walls at -. Adopt the method at the shaping, fill mould stage and produce pressure drive melting body flow according to process, But this flowed the degree of depth of one melted variably. At flowing one deeply relatively, pressure drop relatively low, so that heavy areas make pieces of shaping excessive to pigeonhole melting body, And has prevented the material in the twinkling of an eye from responding, these 2 kinds of factors will hinder the flow of the melting body equally. It injects forming process type make pieces of the 14%s of thickness finally by s of degree of depth, After the plastic has been packed 60% - 75% of the type roughly, stop injecting, a of walls of mould is bulldozed at the same time , Until make the wall original shaping of one finally. The final size of making one is defined at this stage . If at mould wall at process fulling of more type before moving, this kind of technology is usually called and cast and press shaping. On the whole, cast and press shaping to adopt pressure that become to making one go on and protect and pigeonhole in one a piece of variable the type ones of volumeses. Cast and press stage to increase the stages of density, density and then in lying between and solid state plastic change melting body. Adopt and cast and press way shaping pre- pressing discs, remaining stress degree of minimising, Make pieces of have remain stress produce and become phenomenon of refracting. It cast and press shaping improvement type activities types types for kinds of new technology in s of walls,inject its make. Already someone call outside gas to assist shaping law the method, actually these are a kind of misunderstanding, Because the gas has not influenced the melting body flow in type of plastic . During routine inject shaping, protecting and press is while a of volume of keeping type does not change , Under the function that the pressure flows, add and enter more plastics. Unite, Being emerged by the runner position of the high pressure and making a defect probably.
3. computers supplementary shaping
Adopt computer assist project( cae) design and analyse and help and shorten design cycle and prevent cost from expensive mechanical fault processing. Commercial emulations daily to indicate size on flowing one code, melt material flows in flowing dishes of system and type with balance, The figure of offeredding and put bestly and runner defining runner at the same time . Calculate pressure of injecting and shut mould want at different processing terms and material fix by tonnage. And warping rate combine initial to flow into too very accurate to estimate out person who shrink. What is important is and want and make the design tool help and analyse personnel process and go on the operation judged while studying or in a certain plan of design skillfully. Understand at results and can't process in order that it is by research object /materials from prerequisite. After consider adopting this kind of method accurate data-in , can make enormous benefit . In addition, economic make design cycle not to be short and needs produce shorter time the analysis. The one that should point out is, commercial cae procedures usually can't be used directly. It fills and imitate and produce valuable experience but the result must rethink its limitation to estimate again . Use modern computers go on and inject shaping simulated test and limited to pure viscidity fluids only( include the melting plastic of viscoplasticity ). One actual flow form measurable melting body person who flow intoes and performance announce etc. structure by speed, If can carry on the viscoplasticity analysis of high accuracy . At present adopt any other to process way reach this advanced competences, And recent years, at emulation the industrial circle person who take the leads of equipment and the research groups of university already made good progress. Have several a of companies make great efforts and probe emulation technology, in order to be be able to be being explained moulding the sex instinct act and process the phenomenon of more reality correctly. For example, get together on the influence that the orientation of the possessive chain is distributed to some physics performance and performance . Processing physics is very complicated, but some viscoplasticity is embodied too alike to still totally understood , Perfect the rational processing way and taking shape slow at present even more. These stronger strong ways will be exceeded the production capacity that will be designed at present greatly .
4. reversal inject shaping
Comparatively speaking, it is that a relatively new inject shaping chooses parameters that the reversal is injected. The greatest difficult point of this technology is lain in when processing the condition suddenly changeses, To the thing that it will be known little about what kind of change behavior plastic melting body will demonstrate . About the rudimentary knowledge of melting body rheology, is not merely the regular shear . Say exactly , the melting body responds( the viscidity and elastic behavior) the characteristic needing expressing, Not only common stable state flow speed or shear speed and temperature, but also including pressure and flow the speed in the twinkling of an eye. These characteristics including a lot of content and very difficult to understand. However, if not in heterotypic materials inject respect make substantive progress, need and make and publish many kinds of different the concrete operational procedures of plasticses. Need and increase a in common use one tired to try on law is in order to getting ripe and accurate control method also another. During routine inject shaping, the type immobilizes in a of walls, some situations are left, Still utilize and filling on the mould and protect and press and fall section and move the mould wall . Can adopt 2 kinds of different methods : Person who move s of perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction wall; Rotate a of walls of the slipping type . Fill stage rotatory type cores with increasing mould. Through this kind of processing technology, the crooked performance and other mechanical performance of making one has gotten great impr