语法改错突破市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

语法，改错突破第1页第1页Checklist1.缺词/多词2.名词：数；可数性3.形容/副词：形式/级4.近义5.搭配6.时态/语态7.动词8.虚拟语调9.非谓语动词10.As/like结构11.定语从句关系词12.前后照应a.主谓一致b.时态一致c.指代一致d.修辞一致13.逻辑关系：连词/连接性副词 反义词 其它第2页第2页1 缺词/多词n缺漏及赘述错误主要表现为漏掉介词、代词、关系词、冠词、连词等或重复意义相同或相近词语以及出现两个主语等。第3页第3页n单数可数名词普通前应有冠词，但有些固定搭配中不用冠词nDishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were once done by the hand.nby(the)hand by hand第4页第4页1 缺词/多词n不及物动词作谓语关系代词前介词nI suddenly realized that my own parents are the ones whom I can rely.n(on)whomn不及物动词后接宾语应添加介词nBut perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions.nThis leads changes in the way of life.narriving(at)/leads(to)第5页第5页n固定搭配中是否缺介词，注意隔离修饰nIn every home a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound.nfill the rooms(with)soundn短语中是否漏词n句子结构是否完整nIn the nineteenth century,farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days.nThatwhat（原从句缺乏宾语）n定语从句中是否多了主语和宾语第6页第6页More examplesnWe have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rulesn make make it n宾语为动词不定式或从句时，必须在动词与宾语补足语之间加上形式宾语it。nThough we have known great deal about space，we still have a lot to learn.ngreat deal a great deal(修饰不可数名词)第7页第7页nThe songs sounded via radios in restaurants，from cars passing on the highways and shoeshine(擦皮鞋)parlorsn and(in)shoeshine parlorsn此处应是与前面词组in restaurants和from cars并列介词短语第8页第8页nBoth natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw staten去掉synthetic或man-madenMonsoon winds（季风），sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circulation，they are associated with nearly all large continental land massesn去掉they 同Monsoon winds重复第9页第9页2 名词第10页第10页名词限定nThe day before the speech contest English teachernmy可数名词前通常要加修饰语。此句即使有English，但指代不明。依据上下文，加上my比较贴切。第11页第11页名词可数与不可数误用 nToo much tests are disadvantage for students study.（误）nIn modern society,people are under various pressures（误）第12页第12页名词单复数n1)and asked me lots of question.n Questions n“question”为可数名词，在lots of后面，应加-s。n2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths,n subjectsnA few后面应跟可数名词复数形式。第13页第13页n3)and often watch football match on TVn matches 经常观看足球赛nMatch时可数名词，应用复数形式。nn4)She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success，nschoolmatesn此处为复数概念，应加上-s。第14页第14页3 形容/副词与比较1.形容词用来修饰名词或作表语；副词修饰形容副词或动词：经常有误用nIt is essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.nPsychological psychologically 修饰形容词nMan has used metals for centuries in gradual increasing quantities.nGradual gradually修饰动词（现在分词形式）第15页第15页2.系动词和感官动词后接形容词。系动词包括be,appear,seem,become,turn,go,come,grow,keep,感官动词包括feel,smell,taste,sound,look等。其中有些系动词又能够做实义动词：become成为,appear出现,turn转动,go去,come来,grow种植/成长,keep保留nI frequently feel weakly and dissatisfied with myselfnAll the dishes taste most deliciously.nWeakly weaknDeliciously delicious第16页第16页3.-ly结尾词不一定都是副词，如friendly,woolly长绒毛,costly昂贵,lonely,elderly,olderly,fatherly,brotherly,deadly等，注意区别。4.以a-开头形容词普通只作表语：afraid,alike,akin,alive,alone,asleep,awake,ashamed,afloat,alight发亮/燃着 等。假如用作了定语，则需更换成相应形式。第17页第17页n5.有些副词有两种形式，但意义不同，需加以区分nHigh高 highly：高度地nDeep深 deeply：深深地nWide宽/大 widely：广泛/大大地nHard努力 hardly：几乎不nNear近 nearly：几乎/快要nclose近 closely：细心/严密/密切nLate迟 lately：最近nMost最 mostly：主要/通常nJust 刚/仅/恰好 justly 公平/合法/准确地nPretty相称/非常 prettily美丽地/令人愉悦地第18页第18页nRight就/正是/顺利 rightly正确/当/公正地nSlow缓慢(go/run/speak/read)slowly慢慢/渐渐地nLoud/loudly大声地 （louder/loudest）nFair公平/公正/正好 fairly 相称/适度/公正nEasy不着急/慢慢/容易 easily容易/容易/很也许nDead忽然/完全/直接 deadly极为/死普通地nClean完全/始终 cleanly洁净利落地nClear清楚/完全/远离 clearly 清楚/显然/明亮 第19页第19页nHe got up,walked across the room,and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widelyopen.nWidelyopen wideopen第20页第20页6.比较结构中，普通用than来连接，但有些词用to如：superior/inferior/senior/junior.或者asasnTheir fields yield twice as much corn this year than they did last year after adopting the advanced technology.nThan as第21页第21页7.有些词本身就是最高级不可在添加more/most excellent;perfect;complete；entire(ly);extreme;unique;round;dead;alive;ultimate;utter;square等。nThey may learn that questions which seemed most entirely objective then appear to be highly biased to someone else.nMost entirely entirely 第22页第22页8.混淆比较两部分。如：nThe climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities（在than与 in之间应加批示代词that句中用于比较两个部分是气n候而不是地域。）第23页第23页4 近义词n一些近义词表面意思讲得通，但不贴切或不准确，需要进行替换。nDeciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter.nHigh highly 极为/高度nBetween sunrise and sunset,streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars,busesnVoice noise第24页第24页5 搭配n主要涉及形容词、名词、动词等与介词搭配；动词、形容词与名词搭配以及比较结构等固定搭配。nOn some fields,this has clearly not happened.nOn some fields innWe asked a lady,who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around themnOn the way by/from the waynThis has probably been the case in quite a while.Infor第25页第25页nSuch reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients.nDependent in dependent onnIf he was absent because of sickness,there was often no job from him when he returned.nFrom him for himn We have little time to read some books which we interest.are interested in.第26页第26页6 时态和语态n依据时间状语（包括副词（词组）和从句）或逻辑对句子时态作出正确判断。nWhere tuberculosis（肺结核）vanished,it came back.nVanished had vanishednBy the time the sun sets this evening,I will have finished the book I am writing for the last six years.nam writing have been writingnI was walking along the road,and there are not so many cars on the street.There are there were第27页第27页n熟记事态特殊规律q陈说真理或常识性事件时，用普通现在时q时间、条件从句中不能用未来时第28页第28页静态动词不能用进行时态：a.be动词和have(有)b.apply to;belong to;differ from;cost;weigh;measure;fit;hold(容纳);lackresemble等c.表示感觉动词feel;hear;see,smell;tasted.心理或情感动词assume;believe;consider;detest(憎恶);feat;hate;hope;wish;like;love;regret;know;suppose;understand;want;remember;imagine;notice第29页第29页nHe resembles his father.nI know that this issue is important.nI have English classic literary books.nCf.I am having a wonderful time in Hawaii.第30页第30页6 时态/语态n要依据句意确定使用主动还是被动n被动语态不但出现在谓语位置上，还出现在非谓语动词结构中，还有不同时体改变。nWhenever we hear of a natural disaster,even in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy for the people to have affected.nTo have affected to have been affectednThe old Jewish custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came within their gates is still be practicing in parts of Palestine.nIs still be practicing is still being practiced第31页第31页n只有及物动词或词组才用被动形式；但并非所有及物动词都可用于被动结构：如have;let;become;get;fit;suit;lack;resemble n小心被动结构不规则动词过去分词形式qThroughout history,shoes have been wore not only for protection but also for decoration.qHave been wore have been worn第32页第32页7 动词n除了要时态/语态，还要注意是否及物动词是否及物动词nThe traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways.（误）nThe traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways.（正）nBecause of his excellent performance,the boss rose his salary.（误）nBecause of his excellent performance,the boss raised his salary.（正）第33页第33页介词to和不定式符号混淆nToo many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking.（误）nToo many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking.（正）nAll these contributed to solve the serious problem误）nAll these contributed to the solution to the serious problem.（正）第34页第34页情态动词误用It may not good to our health.（误）nIt may be not good to our health.（正）They should spent much time.（误）nThey should spend much time.（正）第35页第35页8 非谓语动词nA现在分词形式与过去分词形式混淆。如：nThe victory was no more convinced than I had expectednConvinced convincing 令人信服，表示主语特性nThe teacher went into the classroom,following by some studentsnFollowing followed第36页第36页n分词和不定式不同含义：n现在分词：主动或进行（或完成）；n过去分词：被动或完成；n不定式：将要发生或目标nSucceeding in passing the examination,she is extremely happy.因为（已发生）nTo succeed in passing the examination,she needs to work much harder.为了（目标）第37页第37页nThe small college generally provides a limited number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio,thus permit individualized attention to students.permitting小院校提供课程专业较少，但师生百分比较高，因此能够特殊个体指导和关注。nBecoming a skilled photographer,a person should have both manual dexterity（机灵，灵敏）a good eye for detail.nBecoming To become第38页第38页Practice nEven the quiet of our carefully protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet.nSo a sportsmans individual way of walking with raised shoulders is often imitated by an admired fannPassed passingnAdmired admiring 追星族经常模仿运动员抬高肩膀大摇大摆走路方式。nAdmire和pass都是由中心语发出，主谓关系第39页第39页nThe boy s delighting look tells us that he passed the examnDelighting delighted 高兴、兴奋，表示主语状态nYou can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their machinery will make your ears ringing.nTom had his arm breaking yesterday.第40页第40页nB不定式与动名词互相混淆。如：nTo lie is vicenTo lie Lying 此处指抽象概念性动作抽象概念性动作nLying about it will only make matters worsenLyingTo lie 此处指详细一次性动作详细一次性动作第41页第41页nC非谓语动作发生时间与谓语动作发生时间方面出现错误。nI remember locking the door when I left home this morningnLocking having lockedn非谓语动作发生时间早于主语动作发生时间。第42页第42页nD特殊非谓语动词结构方面出现错误。nYou have to practice to speak English as much as possible now since you are going to England next yearnto speakspeakingnpractise后宾语要用-ing形式。）第43页第43页n非谓语动词不单独作谓语。nAt the beginning of 19th century working hours were from sunrise to sunset,pay was awful,(and)working conditions being poor and dangerous.were第44页第44页n假如非并列句中有两个以上谓语动词，是错误，这时只能保留一个，其它改为非谓语动词形式：nConsider the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment,one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources(that are poured into the space exploration efforts).第45页第45页n作宾语时，要注意用动词不定式还是动名词。有时二者皆可，但意义不同，如forget,remember,try,regret,stop,continued等n作宾补时，要注意不同形式意义差异，以及和谓语动词搭配。nMary was heard singing in the next room then.nI saw David Beck play football on TV last night.第46页第46页n分词（包括带连词分词）短语作状语时，逻辑主语须与主句主语一致。nSports activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior.Viewing biologically,the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack.Viewed第47页第47页9 虚拟语调n虚拟语调分为两种：be型和were型。nBe型(should)+do(动词原形）：用于表示命令、决定、提议等词语（见下页）之后that-分句中。qWhat do you think of the doctors recommendation that our friends stayed a few more days in hospital?qstay/should stay第48页第48页n用于if,though,whatever,lest,so long as引导分句中，表示推测、让步、防备qIf the rumor be true,everything is possible.qWhatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.qThough everyone desert you,I will not.qQuietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.qIf it would rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the exhibition.q should rain 表示推测第49页第49页Be-型虚拟语调标志词v.Demand,command,suggest,require,ask,order,insist,advise,move,direct,recommend,propose,see(to it)that等n.demand,request,suggestion,recommendation,advice,proposal,insistence等a.important,fundamental,preferable,necessary,basic,vital,imperative,essential,requested,suggested,demanded等第50页第50页n有些词有多个意义，当不表示提议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语调，如：nSome evidence suggests that REM sleep be a time when the brain adapts to life experience.nBe is （一些证据表明，REM sleep也许是大脑适应生活经验时间。）第51页第51页Were-型nWere型were/过去时体：惯用于由if,if only,as if,as though,though引导条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示非真实条件或假设。n要尤其注虚拟语调谓语动词形式是否正确。条件句虚拟语调结构下列所表示：时间If从句动词形式主句动词形式与现在事实相反过去式W/C/Should/Might do与过去事实相反n过去完毕式W/C/Should/Might have donen与未来事实相反were to/should do/过去式W/C/Should/Might do第52页第52页n主句或从句动词形式未用虚拟语调形式。nIf we had more rain last summer，we would have a harvestnhad had/would have hadn此句应用与过去事实相反虚拟语调形式第53页第53页n条件句中尚有一个特殊混合虚拟语调。这种情况谓语动词形式要依据详细时间来拟定。nIf writing had never been invented(过去),we would have no books(现在).nIf he had failed his exam last year,he would have been taking it again in June.would be takingnI would have gone to visit that beautiful city but I hadnt got in touch with you while I was in New York.didnt getnIf you had been older，I would have al-lowed you to go that daynhad been were 条件句可指当前情况下假设第54页第54页nWere-虚拟语调还可用其它形式表示,如without,but for,otherwise,or等。qWithout/but for your help,I would never make such great success.q would never have madeqThanks to the man timely saving,or the little boy would be drowned in the river.q would have been drowned第55页第55页nWere-型虚拟语调也用在表示臆想愿望分句中，常由Wish,suppose,imagine,would rather,would sooner that,would just as soon(that)等引导，如：qI wish it were spring all the year round.qJust imagine everyone were to give up smoking.第56页第56页特殊虚拟语调n在it is(high)time(that)从句中，也用were-型虚拟语调，如：qIt is high time that measures should be taken to decrease the birth rate in this country.qwere taken/had been taken第57页第57页As使用办法nlike:象同样；（unlike）nas:介词（作为）n 副词（如此）n 关系代词n 连词（由于；伴随；即使；正如）nas有诸多固定搭配，使用办法极为复杂，见下页第58页第58页As 固定搭配nAs if/though仿佛nAs/so long as只要nSuch as诸如；之类nAs apposed to 与相反nAs for/to至于；关于nSo as(not)to以便/以免；以致nNot so much as连都不；与其不如nas above如上；同上nAs against与相比nAs of/from自从第59页第59页nAs much as多达；到程度nAs well(as)也/又nAs well as not反正都行/同样nAs it is/as they are事实上；事实上nAs it were仿佛，仿佛，能够说nas yet 到现在/那时为止nAs as any不亚于nAs as ever永远；至今；自古；空前nAs as can be极其；到了程度nHe is as brilliant a politician as ever lived.n他是至今最卓越政治家。第60页第60页As Vs.which n在限定性定语从句中，As 常和先行词前such,so,as,the same搭配；which则无此限制。n引导非限定定语从句时q先行词是整个句子，as常在句首或句中，而which常在句末。qAs引导定语从句与主句应是顺接关系；which无此限制。qAs在定语从句中常作宾语，which常作主语。As作主语时，仅限于“主-动-补”结构和被动句型，如：qAs is often the case;as is known to allqas has been pointed out;as may be imagined;etc第61页第61页Practice nThe farmer had much work to do,with his own muscles like his chief source of power.He used axes,spades and other simple tools.91/06nCities and states have to provide services city people want,such like more police protection,more hospitals and more schools.90/01nLike asnLike as/being第62页第62页nA break in their employment,or a decision to work part time,will slow their raises and promotions-because it would for men.96/01nCan we be too bold as to suggest that we maybe able to colonize other planets within the not-too-distant future00/01nBecause as 这一点对男士也同样nSo bold so bold我们可否大胆地推测在不远未来我们就能够在其它星球上开垦殖民主义地?第63页第63页定语从句关系词定语从句关系词是一个常见考点第64页第64页关系词That和which/who区别n用that情况q不定代词something,anybody,nothing,none,little,few,much,all作先行词时；qShe is everything that a wife should be.q最高级、序数词、不定限定词（all,some,none,few等）或any,only,first,last等修饰先行词时；q先行项不止一个，且分别表示人和物时；q当关系词在定语从句中充当补语时；q当定语从句是there be句型时；第65页第65页n用which（物）或who（人）情况q介词提前，作介词宾语时；q非限定定语从句；q先行项是that时；q当先行项与定语从句被其它成份隔开时第66页第66页先行项为时间或地点时n当先行项为时间/地点时，如关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，应用which或that，而不用when/who(m)nI live in Beijing，where is the capital of China.nwhich n此处where应改为which，由于它在定语从句中作主语。第67页第67页缺乏关系词或多出代词n有些句子中，名词后面本来该用定语从句，却漏掉了关系词，直接接了动词。n另一类常见错误是，关系代词指代成份在从句中以代词形式重复出现，画蛇添足。第68页第68页定语从句和名词性从句区别n与同位语从句区别q同位语从句表明中心语详细内容；定语从句对其先行项加以限制、描绘或阐明；q同位语从句引导词that在从句中不充当成份；定语从句关系词that在从句中担任成份，如：qMost of the pupils can not answer the question why sea water is salty.qMost of the pupils could not answer the question that the chemistry teacher asked().第69页第69页n与主语/宾语/表语从句区别q主语/宾语/表语从句充当主句主语/宾语/表语，前面没有作先行项名词或代词；而定语从句普通作定语，限定或描述先行项；q引导词that在名词性从句中不作成份；what充当名词性从句主语/宾语/表语，相称于the person that/who;all that,使用时容易和定语从句that混淆。诀窍在于，看前边有无没有先行项，有用that/who/which，没有用what。qAll(that)I have with me now is 10 dol