2021年自考00832英语词汇学考试概念题整理.doc

1.Word：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence
2.vocabulary：
（1）Total number of the words in a language
（2）Words used in a particular historical period
（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...
3. The basic word stock：is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.
4. Terminology ：consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education.
5. Jargon ：refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts，sciences，trades and professions communicate among themselves
6. Slang ：belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant，jargon，and argot
7. Content words：denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns，verbs，adjectives，adverbs and numerals
8. Functional words： do not have notions of their own. Therefore，they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions，the relation between words as well as between sentences
9. borrowed words：are words taken over from foreign languages， known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms
10. Denizens：are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.
11. Aliens：are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling
12. Translation-loans：are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.
13. Semantic-loans：Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed
14.Creation ：refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements
15. Semantic change：means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need
16. morpheme：is ' the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words'
17. monomorphemic words：coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence
18. allomorphs：are alternative morphs realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word
19. Free Morphemes自由词素：have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free).
20. Bound Morphemes(粘着语素)：A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.
21.Affixes： are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function
22. affixes can be put into two groups:
1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) ：affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.
2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) ：derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
23. A root ：is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.
In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology，a ' root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed'.
A stem ：can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
24. Affixation： is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation，for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives
25. affixation falls into two subclasses：prefixation and suffixation.
（1）Prefixation ：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.
（2）Suffixation ：is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem，suffixes have only a small semantic role，their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.
26. Compounding： is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. also called composition. Words formed in this way are called compounds.
27. Conversion： is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class
28. Blending： is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words
29. clipping ： is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.
30. Acronymy： is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms，depending on the pronunciation of the words.
31. Initialisms： are words pronounced letter by letter. In cases likeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ),B.C. (Before Christ) and C.O.D. (cash on delivery)
32. Acronyms： are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word，for example radar (radio detecting and ranging)，and WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service)，etc
33. Back-formation： is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know，suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases，and back-formation： is the formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes.
34. Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction，yet with the help of context，it can refer to something specific
35. Concept（概念）：which is beyond language，is the result of human cognition(结识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
Meaning and concept ：They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Meaning so is restricted to language use.
36. Sense:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.
37. Sense and Reference：Unlike reference，'sense' denotes the relationships inside the language. 'The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. ' (ibid) Since the sense of an expression is not a thing，it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference).
38. Motivation(动机)：accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. As we know，the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary，and most words can be said to be non-motivated.
39. Onomatopoeic motivation（象声动机）：words whose sounds suggest their meaning，for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning.
40. Morphological motivation （词素动机）：Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.：airmail
41. Semantic motivation（语义动机）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)
42. Etymological motivation （语源动机）：The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins . In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-feather

43. Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）：refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words，singular and plural meaning of nouns，tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context.
44. Lexical meaning itself has two components：conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
45.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)：also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning
46.Associative meaning(关联意义)：is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
47. Connotative（内涵意义）：In contrast to denotative meaning，overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning，traditionally known as connotations.
48. Stylistic（文体意义）：Apart from their conceptual meanings，many words have stylistic features，which make them appropriate for different contexts.
49. Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.
50. Collocative（搭配意义）：This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words，it is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.
51.A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense，hence sense relations
52. Polysemy：the same symbol must be used to express more meanings
53. diachronic approach(历时办法) ：from the diachronic point of view，polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning ，the later meanings are called derived meanings
54. synchronic approach (共时办法) ：synchronically，polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time
55. radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes (e.g：face，neck)
56. concatenation（连锁型）：meaning 'linking together',is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)
57. 区别：Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning，concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original，there is no direct connection in between.
联系：They are closely related，being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally，radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases，the two processes work together，complementing each other.
58. Homonymy（同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
59. Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling，but different in meaning.
Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling，but different in sound and meaning.
Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. (最多最常用)
60. Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants（同音同形异义词和多义词区别)：
Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation.
1)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.
2)One important criterion is to see their etymology，i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.
3)The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree，e. g. neck
4）meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries，a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.
61. Synonymy (同义关系)：one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .
62. Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
63. Hyponymy(上下义关系)：（1）Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.
64. Semantic Field(语义场) ：an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense .words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields
65. Extension /generalization(词义扩大):，is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.
66. Narrowing/ specialization(词义缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words，a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.
67. Elevation /amelioration(词义升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋） beginnings to positions of importance.
68. Degradation / pejoration(词义降格)：is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损） sense.
69. Transfer(词义转移)：Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. It is a process by which words were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else
70. associated transfer：a term used in relation to changes in word meaning in which the meaning is transferred through association ，e.g purse for‘money’dish for ‘food’etc
71. Context：is used in different senses. In a narrow sense，it refers to the words，clauses，sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context，which may cover a paragraph，a whole chapter and even the entire book. In a broad sense，it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context，which embraces the people，time，place，and even the whole cultural background.
72. Lexical context（词汇语境）：refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question.
73. Grammatical context（语法语境）： refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in wh