中国文化通览一-四单元提纲.doc

中国文化通览提纲

一． 中国地理环境和经济结构。

中国位于东亚大陆，地理环境相对封闭。中国内部西高东低，分布有辽河、黄河、长江、珠江几个流域。中国古代文明主要在黄河流域和长江流域。

远古时代，不同地理环境形成了农耕、游牧和渔猎三种不同的生产方式。中国长期以来处于以小农经济占主导地位的农业社会。

二．中国各朝代内容简介。

●三皇五帝（4000多年前）
1. 文化
东夷文化：黄河下游，舜等
西夏文化：黄河中上游，炎帝、黄帝、尧等
南蛮文化：江淮流域
2. 宗法制
禅让制
3. 故事
神话：开天辟地；女娲造人；女娲补天；夸父逐日；精卫填海；嫦娥奔月；后羿射日；八仙过海；大禹治水。
寓言：愚公移山。
民间故事：牛郎织女。

●夏、商、西周（公元前22世纪-公元前256）
1. 文化
青铜文化；商甲骨文，西周青铜铭文，出现文献；宗法专制的礼乐文化成型。
2. 政治
王权专制国家发展，大一统观念形
成。

Chinese Culture:
An Introduction
一．The Geographical Surroundings and the Economic Structure of the Chinese Culture
China is located in the east Asian continent, geographical environment relatively closed. China's internal west and lower in the east, distribution has liaohe, Yellow River, Yangtze river and pearl river several river basin. China's ancient civilization, mainly in the Yellow River and the Yangtze river basin.

In ancient times, different geographical environment formed farming, nomadic and fishing and hunting three different mode of production. China had long in the small-scale peasant economy dominated by the agricultural society.

二．Chinese dynasties content abstract

● 3Huang 5Di(4000多年前)
1. Culture
the Eastern Yi culture:lower Yellow River Valley,Shun etc.
the western Xia culture:middle Yellow River Valley ,Yandi, Huangdi ,Yao etc.
the Southern Man culture:Yangtza-Huaihe Valley

2. Patriarchal Clan System
Shanrang Zhi

3. Stories
Myths:The Creation of the Earth;Nǚ Wa Made Man;Nǚ Wa Mended the Sky;Kua Fu Chased the Sun;Jing Wei Tries to Fill Up the Sea with Pebbles;Chang E Flew to the Moon;When the Eight Genii Crossed the Sea;Da Yu Led People in Curbing Floods.
Fable：Old Man Yu Gong Moved Away Mountains.
Folklores:The Cowherd and the Girl Weaver.

● Xia/Shang/Western Zhou(AD22Century-AD256)
1. Culture
the brilliant Bronze culture;the inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones of the Shang Dynasty;the inscriptions on bronze or copper wares in the Western Zhou Dynanty,appear literature;The patriarchal culture of rites and music was completed.
2. Politics
Unified patriarchal state based on the autocracy of royal right,the notion of great national unity.

3 故事
历史故事：姜太公钓鱼。
寓言：杞人忧天。
●东周
春秋战国
1. 文化
百家争鸣

儒学
道学
创始人（春秋时期）
孔子；“礼”，“仁”；修订《五经》；建立私家学派
老子；“道”的本体论，自然无为；建立私家学派
代表人物（战国时期）
孟子：“仁政”，性善论，“反求诸己”；荀子：“礼法”,性恶论，“制度强制”
黄老学派：政治哲学，无为而治；庄子：人生学说，自然
不同点
重人事；“有为政治”
重天道；“无为”政治
共同点
“天人合一”；辩证思维

2. 政治
列强争霸兼并
3. 生产力
进入铁器时代
4. 故事
历史故事：卧薪尝胆；孟母三迁；完璧归赵；毛遂自荐；

寓言：画蛇添足；南辕北辙；鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利；拔苗助长；东施效颦；塞翁失马，焉知非福

民间故事：鲁班的故事

3 Stories
Chinese Historical Tales：Fish the Same Way as Jiang Taigong Did.
Fables:To Act like the Man of the Qi State Who Feared that the Sky Might Fall.
●Weastern Zhou
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
1 Culture
Contention of numerous schools of thought of ideology

Confucianism
Taoism
Founder(The Spring States)
Confucius;”Propriety”,”Benevolence”;Revised The Five Classics;Build Private School
Lao Zi;”Tao”as the framework;nature and inaction;Build Private School
Representative(the Warring States Period)
Mencius:”benevolent government”,original goodness of human nature;Xun Zi:”law and discipline rite”,original badness of human nature,”stressing system and discipline”
The Huang-Lao School:a political philosophy,ruling with inaction;Zhuang Zi:the outlook on life,natralness
Differences
Stress personnel;politics of “action”
Stress tiandio;politics of “inaction”
Similarities
“oneness”;speculative thinking

2. Politics
The Separatist Regime.
3. Production
Enter the Iron Age.
4. Stories
Chinese Historical Tales：Gou Jian Slept on Firewood and Tasted Gall to Avenge a National Humiliation;Three Moves by Mencius’ Mother;Xiangru Returned the Jade Intact to the Zhao State;Recommend Oneself for a Position as Mao Sui Did.
Fables
To Draw a Snake and Add Feet to it;To Go South by Driving the Chariot Northward;When the Snipe and the Clam Grappled,It Was the Fisherman Who Stood to Benefit;To Help the Shoots Grow by Pulling Them Upward;Dong Shi,an Ugly Woman,Knitting Her Brows Imitation of the Famous Beauty Xi Shi,Only to Make Herself All the Uglier;Misfortune May Be an Actual Blessing.
Folklores
Three Legends of Lu Ban.

5. 文化名人、名著、名篇
春秋末军事家：孙武《孙子兵法》
楚国爱国诗人：屈原《楚辞》——《离骚》

●秦朝（公元前221-公元前206）
1. 文化
尊奉法家思想

2. 政治
建立第一个统一的专制主义中央集权皇朝
3. 故事
历史故事：焚书坑儒；荆轲刺秦王；四面楚歌；

寓言：自相矛盾；守株待兔；

民间传说：孟姜女哭长城

4. 文化名人
法家代表人物：韩非子

●汉朝（公元前206-公元220）
1. 文化
初黄老学说——后儒学号称“经学”；佛教引入

2. 政治
汉承秦制

3. 故事
罢黜百家，独尊儒术

4. 外交
张骞出使西域开辟丝绸之路

5. 科技文化

5. Famous People/Literary Works/
Military strategist in late spring and autumn period:Sun Wu,The Art of War
Patriotic poet :Qu Yuan,Chu Ci——Li Sao
●Qin Dynasty(BC221-BC206)
1. Culture
The system of court academician was initiated
2. Politics
Establishing the first centralized feudal empire was founded;
3. Stories
Chinese Historical Tales:Jing Ke Attempted to Kill the King of the Qin State;Xiang Yu Heard the Folk Songs of the Chu State on All Sides.
Fables
Self-Contradiction;Wait for a Windfall.
Folklores
Meng Jiang Girl
4. Famous People
Representative of Legalist school:Han Fei

● Han Dynanty(BC206-AD220)
1. Culture
First the Huang-Lao school——then the “Imperial Confucianism”;the influx of Buddhism from India.
2. Politics
The Han Dynasty followed the
same system as the Qin Dynasty
3. Stories
Emperor wudi paid supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all other schools of thought.
4. Diplomacy
Zhang Qian opened the trade route between China and the West.
5 Science Culture

造纸术；数学著作；中医经典；
浑天仪和候风地动仪

6. 故事
寓言：叶公好龙
民间故事：董永与七仙女

7. 文化名人
史学家：司马迁《史记》
丝绸之路开辟者：张骞
无神论思想家：王充
天文学家：张衡
医学家：华佗

●三国（公元220-280）晋（公元265-420）南北朝（公元386-581）
1. 文化
士族文化兴盛民族间文化的冲撞和融合；玄学；佛学广泛传播；敦煌莫高窟，大同云冈石窟，洛阳龙门石窟。

2. 政治
分裂割据
3. 科技文化
圆周率；《齐民要术》，《脉经》。

4. 故事
历史故事：三顾茅庐；七步成诗；代人捉刀；望梅止渴；悬梁刺股

民间传说：梁山伯与祝英台

The invention of papermaking technology;a classic work on mathematics;Chinese medical science;an armillary sphere and world’s first seismograph
6 Stories
Fables:Lord Ye’s Love of Dragons
Folklores:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy;
7 Famous People
Historian:Sima Qian shiji
Zhang Qian
The thinker of the atheism:Wang Chong
Astronomer:Zhang Heng
Medical scientist:Hua Tuo
●ThreeCountries(AD220-280)Jin(AD265-420)Northern and Southern Dynasties
1. Culture
The culture ofShi zu ,the influential and privileged families of scholar-officials,plus the cultural conflict and fusion of different nationalities;xuan xue;Buddhism development;Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,Datong Yungao agarottoes,Luoyang Longmen Grottoes.
2. Politics
Tumultuous division
3. cience Culture
The figure of ∏；Qi Min Yao Shu;Treatise on the Pulse
4. Stories
ChineseHistorical Tales:Repeated andSincereInvitations;Composing a Poem Within Seven Paces;To Ghostwrite For;To Look at Pluns to Quench Thirst;Tske Great Pains with One’s Study;
Folklores:Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai

5. 文化名人
东晋书法家：王羲之
南朝数学家：祖冲之
曹操：《短歌行》
《木兰诗》
● 隋朝（公元581-618）唐朝（公元618-907）

1. 文化
儒、道、佛三家兼容；唐诗；书法；绘画。

2. 政治
封建专制
3. 外交
世界文化中心，中外文化交流的高潮；造纸术与印刷术传向海外。

4. 科技文化
天文学
5. 故事
寓言：黄粱美梦；黔驴技穷；画龙点睛

6. 文化名人
诗人：李白《将进酒》，杜甫；白居易：《琵琶行》；张若虚《春江花月夜》

●五代（公元907-960）十国
●宋（公元960-1279）
1. 文化
程朱理学；宋词；清明上河图，重文轻武。

2. 政治
守内虚外

3. 科技
5. Famous People/Literary Works/
Eastern Jin Writer:Wang Xizhi;
Southern mathematician:Zu Chongzhi;Cao CaoA Brief Cantus;
The Song Of Mulan
●Sui Dynasty (AD581-618)and the Tang Dynasty(AD618-907)
1. Culture
Integrate Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism ;Tang Poetry;handwriting;painting.
2. Politics
Feudal autocracy
3. Diplomacy
World cultural center,The climax of the Sino-foreign cultural exchanges;The art of papermaking and block printing was passed on to other nations.
4. Science Culture
Astronomy;
5. Stories
Fables:Pipe Dream;The Guizhou Donley Has Used Up All Its Tricks;To Add The Touch That Brings a work of Art to Lif.
6. Famous People/Literary Works/
The Poet:Li Bai Invitation to Wine,Du Fu ;Bai Juyi Song of Lute Player;Zhang Ruoxun Flowers and Moonlight Night on the Spring River
● Five Dynasties(AD907-960)Ten States
● Song(AD960-1279)
1. Culture
Cheng-Zhu Li Xue;Song Ci;The Festival of Pure Brightness on the River;stress on the cultural achievement while making light of the military exploits.
2. Politics
Internal defence and external slackening
3. Science
火药，印刷术，指南针三大发明在技术上取得进步；沈括《梦溪笔谈》。

4. 故事
历史故事：司马光砸缸；岳母刺字；

民间传说：白娘子传奇

5. 文化名人
苏轼《水调歌头》、《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》，李清照《声声慢》；
思想家：朱熹；《乐府诗集》；《水经注》；《齐民要术》。

●辽夏金
●元公元1271-1368）
1. 文化
元曲。
2. 政治
封建专制。
3. 文化名人
关汉卿《窦娥冤》
王实甫《西厢记》
●明朝（公元1368-1644）清朝（公元1644-1911）
1. 文化
主张“工商皆本”；古典文献收集整理；考据学兴盛；小说。

2. 政治
封建专制

3. 外交
西学东渐

4. 科技
《河防一览》，《农政全书》，《徐霞客游记》等。

The Chinese further developed the art of painting,the making of the gunpowder and compass;Shen Kuo sketchbook of dream brook
4. Stories
ChineseHistorical Tales:Sima Guang Smashed the Vat;Yue Fei’Mother Tattooed Characters on the Skin of Yue Fei;
Folklores:Yhe Legend of Lady White
5. Famous People/Literary Works/
Su Shi Shuidiaogetou/Niannujiao in memory of Chibl,Li Qingzhao Shengshengman ;Thinker:Zhu xi;A Collection of Yue Fu Poetry;Shuijing Zhu;Qimin Yaoshu
●Liao,Xia,and Jin Dynasties
●Yuan(AD1271-1368)
1. Culture
Yuan Opera
2. Politics
Feudal autocracy
3. Famous People/Literary Works/
Guan Hanqing Dou-e Yuan;Wang Shifu The West Chamber
● Ming Dynasty(AD1368-1644)Qing dynasty(AD1644-1911)
1. Culture
Both industry and commerce were foundation;collect and systemize a tremendous amount of ancient books;upsurge of textual criticism;novels.
2. Politics
Feudal autocracy
3. Diplomacy
The introduction of western Learning to China
4. Science
A Survey of Fiood-Prevention Work;Complete Treatise on Agriculture;Xu Xiake’s Travel Notes etc.
5. 文化名人
李时珍《本草纲目》；
名科学家：徐光启
小说家:曹雪芹
《三国演义》，《水浒传》，《西游记》，《牡丹亭》，三言两拍：《喻世明言》，《警世通言》，《醒世恒言》，《天工开物》，《聊斋志异》，《红楼梦》，《儒林外史》，四大谴责小说：《官场现形记》，《二十年目睹之怪现象》，《老残游记》，《官场现形记》

●民国、共和国
1. 近现代文化名人，名著
翻译家：严复；近代著名学者：王国维《人间词话》;文学家:鲁迅《阿Q正传》；郭沫若《女神》；矛盾《子夜》；朱自清《背影》；老舍《骆驼祥子》；闻一多《红烛》；冰心《繁星》、《春水》；巴金激流三部曲：《家》，《春》，《秋》；钱钟书《围城》；沈从文《边城》；曹禺《雷雨》

三． 中国传统世界观、价值观和思维模式

1． 世界观：理性的求和谐平衡的世界观

2． 价值观：大一统的观念和注重整体利益的价值取向

3． 思维模式：辩证思维和经学思维

英本103班周东方
5. Famous People/Literary Works/
Li Shizhen Compendium to Materia Medica ;Xu Guangqi,Cao Xueqin；Three Kindoms,Outlaws of the Marsh,Journey to the West,Peony Pavilion,San Yan Liang Pai:Stories to Enlighten the World,Stories to Warn the World,Stories to Admonish the World,Tiangong Kaiwu,Strange Tales of the Make-Do Studio,A Dream of Red Mansions,The Scholars,The Four Great Novels of Exposure etc.
●Republic of China/China P.R.
1. Famous People/Literary Works/
Translator:Yan Fu;Scholar:Wang Guowei Ren Jian Ci Hua;Astronomers:Lu Xun The Ture Story of Ah Q;Guo Moruo Goddess;Mao Dun Midnight;Zhu Ziqing Figure;Lao She Camel Xiangzi;Wen Yiduo Red Candle;Bing Xin The Stars and Spring Waters;Ba Jin Torrent Trilogy:Family,Spring and Autumn;Qian Zhongshu Fortress Besieged;Shen Congwen Border Town;Cao Yu Thunderstorm etc.
三．The Traditional Worldview,Values and Mode of Thinking of the Chinese People

1. Wordview:The Rational World Outlook Seeking for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium
2. Values:The Conception of Great National Unity and Values of Collectivism
3. Mode of Thinking:The Dialectical of Thought and the Way of Thingking in the Mode of Confucian Classics’ Study

Class 3 Zhou dongfang