模具设计文献综述.doc

is one of the practical form of values. The so-called values refers to the objective things are of no value and the value of fundamental perspective. Different values, peoples behaviour, attitudes, ways are different. People-oriented focus on human value and reality, we need the broadest masses as values. Adhere to people-oriented values, is to make the economy more development, improve democracy, cultural prosperity, and live a happier; is deeply concerned that human development and human values, development of social and human development of rational unified, insisted in the material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization in the overall advancement of Socialist civilization to a higher level. Also want to see that persons value is not only meet your needs, also is to meet the needs of others and the community. Adhere to people-oriented, to strongly advocate every community member, serve others, beneficial to the community of people. The so-called Outlook, attitude is on the record, including who, how to create a record of achievements, how to evaluate performance, and so on. What values, what kind of Outlook. Adhere to people-oriented Outlook, is on the premise of respecting the interests and power of people, creating a popular, warm hearts, steady heart performance, creating serve for one officer, the benefit of achievements, and overall construction of well-off society and promoting the all-round development of peoples performance. Achievement evaluation in both economic accomplishments, take another look at the effectiveness of social progress; changes in both urban and rural change; both hard environment to strengthen and take another look at the soft environment improvement momentum of development at present, depending on the potential for sustainable development. Leave people to talk about values are worthless and leave people to talk about Outlook is not what the performance. 4. people responded to the starting point of the question, and replied to questions point. Man is the sum of social relationships. We cannot leave the chichuanyongdu, housing, tourism and entertainment, entertaining, and even certain political, economic, cultural and social environment, and so on. Due to human needs, all walks of life will come into being. People create for their survival, and continue enjoying the results of the construction. Colorful in the transformation of the people of the world, community vitality in the creation of man. Therefore, any work we do, the starting point is human, what are people. Us speed up development, the core of which is to meet the needs of people, including survival needs, emotional needs and self-actualization needs. It should be noted that people are not machines, not the slave of an object, not to be controlled. People have their own personality, has its own personality, has its own dignity. Person in need of care, you need to understand, need to meet. It is said that in the agricultural society, people plant; in industrial society, man is an animal; the information society, return燕山大学本科毕业设计文献综述燕 山 大 学本科毕业设计（论文）文献综述 课题名称：滚珠夹持式自动送料切断扭弯模及钢丝弯曲成形模学院（系）：机械工程学院学生姓名：宋秋龙指导教师：吕知清完成日期：2011年 一、课题国内外现状模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志1。因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪器、仪表、家电和通信等产品中60%80%的零部件都要依靠模具成型。用模具生产部件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和代消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。模具又是“效益扩大器”，用模具生产的最终产品的价值，往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍。目前，全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业。我国的模具工业的发展，也日益受到人们的关注和重视。近几年，我国模具工业一直以每年15%左右的增长速度发展。二、发展趋势据相关专业人士分析，未来十年，中国模具工业和技术的主要发展方向将主要集中在以下十个方面。（1） 模具结构日趋大型、精密、复杂及寿命日益提高 随着零件微型化和模具结构发展的要求（如多工位级进模工位数的增加，其步距精度的提高），模具精度已由原来的5m 提高到23m，今后有些模具加工精度公差更是要求在1m 以下，这必将促进超精密加工的发展。（2） CAD/CAE/CAM 技术在模具设计制造中的广泛应用 模具制造是设计的延续，推行模具设计与制造一体化可达到优化设计的要求。实践证明，模具CAD/CAM/CAE 技术是当代最合理的模具生产方式，既可用于建模、为数控加工提供NC 程序，也可针对不同的模具类型，以相应的基础理论，通过数值模拟方法达到预测产品成型（形）过程的目的，改善模具结构。从CAD/CAE/CAM 一体化的角度分析，其发展趋势是集成化、三维化、智能化和网络化，其中心思想是让用户在统一的环境中实现CADCAECAM 协同作业，以便充分发挥各单元的优势和功效1。因此，应大力进行ANSYS、MSC、Moldflow、Dynaform 等高端辅助设计制造软件的培训、推广和应用。（3） 快速经济制模技术的推广应用快速模具制造及快速成型技术（RP）是在近两年内迅速发展起来的，并正向着高精度、更快捷的方向发展。与传统的模具技术相比，该技术具有制模周期短、成本低的特点，是综合经济效益较显著的模具制造技术。具体新技术包括：快速原型制造技术（RPM）、表面现象成形技术、浇铸成形制模技术、冷挤压及超塑成形制模技术、无模多点成形技术、KEVRON 钢带冲裁落料制模技术以及模具毛坯快速制造技术。此外，氮气弹簧压边与卸料、快速换模、冲压单元组合、刃口堆焊以及实型铸造冲模刃口镶块等辅助技术也有极大提高了快速经济制模的综合技术水平。 （4） 新型技术在塑料模具中的推广应用 采用新型热流道技术是塑料模设计制造中的一大变革，可显著提高模具制造的生产效率和质量，并能大幅度节省制作的原材料和节约能源，国外模具企业已有一半用上了该项技术，甚至已达80%以上；气体辅助注射成型也是塑料成型的一种新工艺，它具有注射压力低、制品翘曲变形少、表面好、易于成型、壁厚差异较大等优点，可在保证产品质量的前提下，大幅度降低成本。 （5） 提高模具标准化水平和模具标准件的使用率 模具标准化及模具标准件的应用将极大地影响模具制造周期，还能提高模具的质量和降低模具制造成本。模具标准件应进一步增加规格、品种，发展和完善销售网络，保证供货速度，为客户提供交货期短、精度高、生产工艺性好、使用寿命长、价格低的优质模具标准件2。（6） 开发优质模具材料和先进的表面处理技术模具材料是模具工业的基础，当前，国外模具材料系列日趋完善与细化，系列化程度已越来越高。中国是世界第一产钢大国，国内开发的高级优质模具钢品种虽然不少，已纳入国标的如：6Cr4W3Mo2VNb（65Nb），7Cr7Mo2V2Si（LD），7Cr-SiMnMoV（CH-1），6CrNiMnSiMoV（GD），8Cr2Mn-WMoVS（8Cr2S）等。模具表面处理技术对模具的制造精度、模具的强度、模具的工作寿命、模具的制造成本等有着直接的影响。稀土表面工程技术和纳米表面工程技术的出现进一步推动模具制造的表面工程技术的发展，其主要趋势是：（1）由渗入单一元素向多元素共渗、复合渗（如TD 法）发展；（2）由一般扩散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、离子渗入、离子注入等方向发展；（3）镀膜膜层多样化，主要有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C 等，同时处理手段由大气热处理向真空热处理发展。另外，激光强化、辉光离子氮化技术及电镀（刷镀）防腐强化等技术也日益受到重视3。（7） 高速铣削在模具加工中的推广应用 高速铣削具有工件温升低、切削力小、加工平稳、加工质量好、加工效率高（为普通铣削加工的510 倍）及可加工硬材料（60HRC）等诸多优点，是高精度型腔模具的重要加工手段。国外近年来发展的高速铣削加工，主轴转速可达到40000 转/min ， 快速进给速度达到3040m/min，换刀时间可提高到13s，大幅度提高了加工效率，并可获得Ra10m 的加工表面粗糙度，形状精度可达10m。高速铣削加工技术的发展，促进了模具加工的发展，特别给汽车、家电行业中大型腔模具制造方面注入了新的活力。（8） 研究和应用模具的高速测量技术与逆向工程 随着三坐标测量机、扫描仪、便携式扫描仪、激光跟踪仪等先进测量仪器的应用，现代检测技术正向高速度、高精度、高适应性、数字化、自动化方向发展，并不断融入模具产品逆向工程设计中，进一步推动模具制造产品快速制造的响应能力。逆向工程（RE）又称反向工程或反求工程，是相对于传统的产品设计流程即所谓的正向工程（FE）而提出的4。其基本思想是：通过对实物或零件进行扫描测量以及各种先进的数据处理手段获得产品的几何信息， 然后充分利用CAD/CAM 技术快速、准确地建立产品的数学几何模型，进行数据重构设计，最后经过适当的工程分析、结构设计和CAM 编程，就可以加工出产品模具。该设计理念是以设计方法学为指导，以现代化设计理论、方法、技术为基础，运用各种专业人员的工程设计经验、知识和创新思维，对已有产品进行解剖、深化和再创造。（9） 开发成形新工艺和模具，培养新理念和新模式 随着先进制造技术的不断发展和模具行业整体水平的提高，在模具行业出现了一些新的设计、生产、管理理念与模式，具体主要有：适应模具单件生产特点的柔性制造技术；创造最佳管理和效益的团队精神，精益生产；提高快速应变能力的并行工程、虚拟制造及全球敏捷制造、网络制造等新的生产哲理；广泛采用标准件的分工协作生产模式；适应可持续发展和环保要求的绿色设计与制造等。此外，还应大力研发模具的抛光技术和模具制造设备，可进一步改善成型产品的表面质量。三、存在问题近年来，随着国际交往的日益增多和外资在中国模具行业的投入日渐增加，中国模具已经与世界模具密不可分，中国模具在世界模具中的地位和影响越来越重要5。我国模具行业结构调整取得不小成绩，无论是企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构，都在向着合理化的方向发展。为更新和提高装备水平，模具企业每年都需进口几十亿元的设备。在创新开发方面的投入仍显不足，模具行业内综合开发能力的提升已严重滞后于生产能力的提高，主要问题体现在十个方面6：（1）各层次的模具技术人才资源不足，尤其是高级模具钳工、CNC 数控机床操作工、高级模具设计人员等，需求缺口较大（2）模具标准化程度不高，模具及其零部件的商品率偏低。（3）模具制造的专业化程度和集中度有待进一步提高。（4）模具修理机制不健全，因修模拖期影响生产的事时有发生。（5）模具寿命偏低，使模具费占产品成本比率过高且长期居高不下。（6）模具及其零部件市场价偏低，模具修理费用更低，而且没有市场指导价，完全靠购销双方“议价”，地区与厂际之间价差悬殊。（7）模具新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料推广应用缓慢，特别是国内自行开发的模具新材料大多至今未能推广应用。（8）设备老化严重，超期服役的情况普遍。（9）各类模具的标准及技术指导性文件不齐全，特别是与国际市场接轨的各类模具国家标准缺口大。（10）模具钢的精炼和模具锻坯的锻造技术推广应用问题，至今未能解决。四、研究主要成果4.1 计算机技术的应用模具行业发展最关键的是用信息技术带动和提升模具工业的制造技术水平。由最初的机械 CAD/CAM 软件到现在的锻模CAD/ CAM 系统, 再到功能强大的有限元数值模拟技术,可以很直观的得到金属和模具的受力情况, 模具的失效情况以及锻件可能出现的缺陷,及时对模具的设计和冷锻工艺做适当的调整,使设计更合理,精度更高,这是未来冷锻工艺发展的大趋势。4.2 先进制造技术的应用精密、超精、高速、高效是冷锻模具制造不断追求的目标, 随着科技的不断发展,各种先进制造技术不断涌现,例如虚拟技术、快速模型制造技术、高速扫描技术、逆向工程、并行工程等技术在模具研究、开发、加工过程中的应用,提高了模具生产效率,降低了生产成本。4.3 先进的专用设备研究与开发随着人们生活的提高,对外形的要求越来越高,这就对模具加工设备的机动性提出了更高的要求。数控精密高效加工设备在模具开发和制造水平的应用解决了这一问题,如五轴加工机床、高速铣等大大提高了模具加工水平。4.4冷锻模具结构的开发冷锻模具结构的不断改进与开发是冷锻模具发展必不可少的。目前, 生产所用的冷锻模具主要是组合预应力模具, 在此基础上开发出的缠绕预应力模具比组合预应力模具具有更好的综合性能, 相信未来还会出现更加合理的冷锻模具结构。7五、主要参考文献1李发致编著.模具先进制造技术M,北京:机械工业出版社.2003.2袁崇磷.模具标准件的发展趋势及需要解决的问题J,模具制造.2006,(6):12.3王秀彦,安国平,林道盛等.激光模具表面强化的应用研究J,锻压机械,2000,35 (4):36.4盛晓敏,邓朝晖.先进制造技术M,北京:机械工业出版社,20005周永泰.中国模具正在加速融入世界并实现国际共赢J,模具工业,2006,32(4):16.6盛晓敏,邓朝晖.先进制造技术M,北京:机械工业出版社,2000.7孔德军, 王强, 蔡冬梅等 冷锻模具的现状与发展J，精密成型工程，第三卷第一期，2011 Now, we are in a new historical stage of all-round construction of a well-off society. In perform duties, and carried out work of process in the, we to put people as a guide principles, and a test standard, efforts from masses most hope do of things do up, from masses most care of hot problem grabbed, from masses most not satisfaction of place modified up, not make nominal of formalism, not do grandstanding of cosmetic, to seeking of style, help masses share, is people benefit. (C) the investee people is not only an idea, it is a job requirement. Philosophy through to the people-oriented thought in the work of the Office, must be clear work objectives. Party Office in the city this year remains: Advanced civil strife, local brand. The County (City) Party Committee offices and units directly under the Office to hold high the banner of first to excellence, people-oriented requirements, strengthen the construction and management of the Office towards the work a higher level. Investee 1. political participation based on conspiracy to adhere to people-oriented, will be around to promote coordinationDevelopment events, great searchings. The 16 session of the partys scientific Outlook on development, is the new Central collective leadership to the development of connotation, development essentials, further deepen the essence of development and innovation, is our partys ruling idea a leap. At present, establishing and implementing the scientific concept of development has become the partys important work. As the Office of party Committee, working party should service center, initiative to claim leadership of the decision, the current focus is to focus on promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development with more suggestions, do more research, summarized the typical. One is drafted to raise the level of your presentation. Your presentation is the main Office of products, is the basic carrier staff service, is important to measure service levels. The quality of your presentation, mainly depends on how much we drafted a document recognized by the leadership, how many are listening to the people in favour of the report, how many paid dividends in the practical work. Improve presentation drafting level, requirements we accurate grasp led intent, General led care of work are to as understand, General led consider of problem are to in-depth thinking; requirements we highlight place features, put superior approach policy and local actual combined up, put presentation of theme thrust and masses of by thought by wants to combined up; requirements we seeks to streamlined clear, with simple of language expression deep of thought, with short of length hosted rich of connotation. Second, the survey results more. Investigation of the base, the road to success is something, is our for the Party Committees policy decision a good idea, an important part of a good staff. This year, to focus around industrial XING city, and farmers increase, and and manpower development, and seeking, major problem and foster advantage industry, and adjustment agricultural structure, and carried