2018年上海高考英语试题及答案.doc

绝密★启用前
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）
英语试卷
（满分140分，考试时间120分钟）

考生注意：
答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
（ ）1. A. In a grocery B. In a cafe.
C. At a tailor’s. D. At a toy shop
（ ）2. A. He is pleased with his job.
B. He is not satisfied with his work.
C. He finds the huge workload unbearable.
D. He finds his office much too big for him.
（ ）3.A. He is most probably checking whether everything is OK.
B. He is most probably jumping from the desk.
C. He is most probably repairing the desk.
D. He is most probably changing the bulb.
（ ）4. A. £200. B. £300. C. £600. D. £700.
（ ）5. A. It's difficult for the woman to get the job if she takes the interview.
B. The woman can get the job if she takes the interview.
C. The woman has less chance to get the job than others.
D. The woman should work harder from now on if she wants to get the job.
（ ）6. A. The man drinks too much wine.
B. The man drinks little wine.
C. The bed is too soft.
D. The bed is too hard.
（ ）7. A. He may change the shirt because it's too large.
B. He may change the shirt because it's too small.
C. He doesn't like the color of the shirt.
D. He likes the shirt.
（ ）8. A. To put him to another flight.
B. To arrange the next flight.
C. To take him to somewhere.
D. To arrange his accommodation.
（ ）9. A. The news on TV.
B. Many people came to the new hotel.
C. It is difficult for people to find a job.
D. The man still has got a job.
（ ）10. A. The woman thinks it easy to learn physics.
B. The woman is good at physics.
C. The man thinks Professor Smith explained the physics problem very clearly.
D. The man can't understand the physics problem.
Section B
Directions: In Section B you will hear two short passages, and one longer conversation ,after each passage. The passages or conversation you will be asked several questions, the passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.

Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
（ ）11. A. Spain. B. France C. America D. England.
（ ）12. A. Visitors shouldn't overlook it because it suffered a lot in history.
B. Saint Augustine is the oldest city in the nation.
C. Florida was ruled by Spanish until the United States took over it.
D. Many visitors support the Florida’s coast recovery for its beauty.
（ ）13. A. Florida's Atlantic coast.
B. St. Augustine's history.
C. Spanish control over Florida.
D. Spanish history.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talk.
（ ）14. A. A lost property office in Europe.
B. A lost property office in London.
C. A lost property office in Tokyo.
D. Paul Cowan's office.
（ ）15. A. Lost items become the property of transport for London.
B. Lost items are taken good care of by Cowan's team.
C. Almost all of the lost items were returned to their owners.
D. Twenty percent of the lost items are claimed in three months’ time.
（ ）16. A. Because they think their lost shoes are useless.
B. Because they have already bought new shoes.
C. Because they would like to get a new pair.
D. Because they can't find their lost shoes.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
（ ）17. A. She is most probably bargaining for a house.
B. She is most probably visiting one of her friends.
C. She is most probably looking for a house.
D. She is most probably contacting her bank for a house.
）18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.
B. A wine storage area.
C. The floor covering.
D. The relaxing colors of the wall.
（ ）19. A. The price is reasonable. B. The price is too high.
C. The price is low. D. The offer is unfair.
（ ）20. A. The woman will buy the house because the price is reasonable.
B. The house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom.
C. The inside of the house is better than the outside.
D. The woman likes the house so much that she will buy it.

II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
 Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
A comprehensive study of 4, 500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex-the outer layer that processes sensory information. “We don't know if it ___21___ (cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time ___22___ we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot,” Dr. Gaya Dowling. “What we can say is that this is ___23___ the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens. And it's not just one pattern.”
The problem isn't just screens ___24___, but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization. (WHO), these patterns of activity and rest arise ___25___ habits we develop early in life, “What we really need to do is ___26___ (bring) back play for children,” says Dr. Juana Williamson, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while ___27___ (protect) sleep. Of course, children aren’t completely to blame for their screen addiction.
Sometimes, the parents ___28___ complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study ___29___ (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ___30___ it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.
21. _________ 22. ________ 23. _______ 24. _________ 25. _________
26. _________ 27. _________ 28. _________ 29. _________ 30. _________
Section B
  Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. committed B. compared C. contact D. delegation
E. destructive F. weak G. negotiate H. respelled
I. similarity J. superiors K. witnessed

Some Very “American” Words Come from Chinese
On a recent program, we told you the stories of English words borrowed from other languages. Today, we will tell you about words that English has taken from Chinese.
Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin.
Let’s start with kowtow.
kowtow
The English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems ___31___. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means “knock your head.” It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___32___— such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___33___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___34___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.
It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.
gung-ho
Another borrowed word that came about through ___35___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters “gōng” and “hé” together mean “work together, cooperate.” The original term — gõngyè hézuòshè — means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development.
Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine3 Corps4 observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying “.... all the soldiers ___36___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over.” He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had ___37___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion.” From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.

typhoon
In English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___38___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called “touffons” or “tufans,” The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon.
Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means “great wind.” The word's ___39___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word — typhoon — was influenced by the Cantonese but ___40___ to make it appear more Greek.
31. _________ 32. ________ 33. _______ 34. _________ 35. _________
36. _________ 37. _________ 38. _________ 39. _________ 40. _________

III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context .
When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. ___41___, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.
They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into ___42___.The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous ___43___ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.
To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___44___ have slimmed considerably, Between 1976 and 1979, 86 percent of high school seniors had gone on a date; between 2010 and 2015 only 63 percent People say, Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, “but they're ___45___ the larger trend,” said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less ___46___ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today' s society.
According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's “life strategy” slows down or speeds up depending on his or her ___47___, exposure to a “harsh and unpredictable” environment leads to faster development while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the ___48___ effect, the study said. In the first ___49___, “You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more ___50___ and fewer resources,” said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of “iGen; Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy — and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.
A century ago, when life expectancy was lower and college education less prevalent, “the goal back then was survival, not violin lessons by 5,” Twenge said. In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more ___51___ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “establishing mate value based on procurement of resources,” the study said.
But America is shifting more toward the ___52___ model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. “Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully ___53___ has really sunk in.” The ___54___ of “adult activities” could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the ___55___, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he sa