两种自言自语的方式.doc

两种自言自语的方式

两种自言自语的方式
Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful.

自言自语似乎显得有点丢人。

If you’ve ever been overheard *berating yourself for a foolish mistake or practicing a tricky speech ahead of time, you’ll have felt the social *injunction against communing with yourself in words.

如果你曾经被人听到在斥责自己犯了一个愚蠢的错误，或是在预演一篇有挑战的演讲，你就会感受到社会对这种自言自语的行为侧目而视。

According to the well-known saying, talking to yourself is the first sign of madness.

用人们熟知的话来说，自言自语是变疯的第一迹象。

But there’s no need for embarrassment.

但你不必感到尴尬。

Talking to ourselves, whether out loud or silently in our heads is a valuable tool for thought.

自言自语——无论是大声说出还是在心中默念——都很有价值，是思考的一种工具。

Far from being a sign of insanity, self-talk allows us to plan what we are going to do, manage our activities, regulate our emotions and even create a narrative of our experience.

自言自语非但不代表精神失常，而且恰恰相反，它有助于我们规划要做的事情和管控自己的各种活动和情绪，甚至还能创作一段关于自己经历的故事。

Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with her toys.

你可以去任何一家幼儿园，观察一个小孩子自己玩玩具的情景。

You are very likely to hear her talking to herself: offering herself directions and giving voice to her *frustrations.

你极有可能会听到她在自说自话：或是告诉自己要做什么，或是表达自己的沮丧之情。

Psychologists refer to this as private speech – language that is spoken out loud but directed at the self.

心理学家将这种行为称作私下话语：大声说出来但却是对着自己说的语言。

We do a lot of it when we are young–perhaps one reason for our shyness about continuing with it as adults.

我们小时候经常这样做——或许这就是为什么我们成年后会羞于继续这样做的一个原因。

As children, according to the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, we use private speech to regulate our actions in the same way that we use public speech to control the behavior of others.

根据俄罗斯心理学家利维.维果斯基的说法，作为孩子，我们用私下话语来规范自己的行为，就像我们用公众话语来规范他人的行为一样。

As we grow older, we don’t abandon this system–we *internalize it.

随着我们年龄的增长，我们并没有放弃这个体系——我们把它内化了。

Psychological experiments have shown that this so-called inner speech can improve our performance on tasks ranging from judging what other people are thinking to sorting images into categories.

心理学实验已经表明，这种所谓的内在言语可以提高我们处理一些事情的能力，比如从判断别人在想什么，到把图片分门别类。

The distancing effect of our words can give us a valuable perspective on our actions.

我们的言词所产生的疏离效果能给我们提供一个审视自己行为的难得视角。

One recent study suggested that self-talk is most effective when we address ourselves in the second person: as you rather than I.

最近一项研究表明，当我们用第二人称你而不是我来称呼自己时，自我对话会最有效。

We internalize the private speech we use as children–but we never entirely put away the out-loud version.

我们内化了在孩童时期使用的私下话语——但我们却从未完全放弃大声说出的方式。

If you want proof, turn on the sports channel.

如果你需要证据，那就打开体育频道，

You’re bound to see an athlete or two gearing themselves up with a tart phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot.

你一定会看到有那么一两个运动员在对自己说着鼓劲儿话，或是在没投中球后狠狠地责备自己。

Conducting a dialogue with ourselves–asking questions of the self and providing answers–seems to be a particularly good way of solving problems and working through ideas.

与自己进行对话—自问自答—似乎是一种很好的解决问题和理清想法的方式。

The to-and-fro between different points of view means our thoughts can end up in expected places, just like a regular dialogue can, and might turn out to be one of the keys to human creativity.

在不同的观点之间来来回回好几遍可以让我们就像同别人对话一样让想法着落在正确的地方，并且这可能也是促进我们人类创造力的关键之一。

Both kinds of self-talk–the silent and the vocal–seem to bring a range of benefits to our thinking.

两种自言自语的方式——默念和出声——似乎都给我们的思考带来很多好处。

Those words to the self, spoken silently or aloud, are so much more than *idle chatter.

自我对话——无论是心中默念还是大声说出——都比闲聊有意义得多。
A Russian military aircraft crashed into the Black Sea on its way to Syria on Sunday, and none of the 92 people on board were expected to have survived, according to the Russian defence ministry.

俄罗斯国防部表示，俄罗斯一架军用飞机周日在飞往叙利亚途中坠入黑海，机上搭载的92人已经全部遇难。

Among those on board the Tupolev-154 were members of the well-known Alexandrov Choir, who were to perform at Hmeymim air base. From that base, in Latakia province, Russia has flown most of the air strikes that ultimately helped turn the Syrian civil war in favour of president Bashar al-Assad.

搭乘这架图波列夫—154（Tupolev-154，简称图-154）飞机的乘客包括著名的亚历山德罗夫红旗歌舞团合唱团(Alexandrov Choir)的成员，他们此行是为了前往赫迈米姆(Hmeymim)的空军基地表演。从这个位于叙利亚拉塔基亚省(Latakia)的基地起飞的俄军战机，执行了绝大部分空袭任务，最终推动叙利亚内战向着有利于巴沙尔.阿萨德(Bashar al-Assad)总统的方向发展。

The aircraft, which had come from Moscow, departed from Sochi at 5.30am local time after a refuelling stop and disappeared from the radar within minutes. By mid-morning the defence ministry said a search mission had spotted the wreckage and some bodies off the Black Sea coast.

这架飞机从莫斯科起飞，在索契停留加油后于当地时间清晨5时30分再次起飞，几分钟后从雷达上消失。当天上午，俄罗斯国防部称，搜索小组在黑海岸边发现了飞机残骸和一些遇难者的遗体。

Coming only days after Russia’s ambassador Andrei Karlov was shot dead in the Turkish capital of Ankara by a gunman who invoked the Syrian city of Aleppo, the crash could again draw attention to Moscow’s military campaign in Syria — not a big topic for public opinion in the country so far.

仅仅几天前，俄罗斯大使安德烈.卡洛夫(Andrei Karlov)在俄罗斯首都安卡拉遭到一名呼喊了与阿勒颇(Aleppo)相关口号的袭击者枪击身亡，此次坠机事件可能再次把人们的注意力吸引到俄罗斯在叙利亚的军事行动上——迄今这并非俄罗斯公众舆论的重要话题。

According to a passenger list published by the defence ministry, the aircraft carried 64 members of the choir, nine journalists, eight soldiers, two other government officials, one aid worker and a crew of eight.

据俄罗斯国防部公布的乘客名单显示，这架飞机上共搭载了64名合唱队成员、9名记者、8名军人、另外2名政府官员、1名援助工作者和8名机组成员。

On the list was Elizaveta Glinka, a prominent aid worker widely known as “Dr Liza”, who was to bring medicines to the university hospital in Latakia. “We hoped for a miracle until the end. She herself was a miracle, a heavenly messenger of virtue,” Mikhail Fedotov, head of the presidential human rights council, said in an obituary.

名单上包括被广泛称为“丽莎医生”(Dr Liza)的著名援助工作者伊丽莎白.格林卡(Elizaveta Glinka)，她此行的目的是给拉塔基亚省的大学医院送药。“我们曾希望最后会有奇迹出现。她本人就是奇迹，是来自天上的美德使者，”总统人权理事会的负责人米哈伊尔.费多托夫(Mikhail Fedotov)在讣告中表示。

Russian media quoted anonymous sources as saying investigators were focusing on a technical malfunction as a potential cause of the crash. But the Kremlin said it was too early to speculate about the cause.

俄罗斯媒体援引匿名消息来源称，调查人员目前对坠机可能原因的调查重点放在机械故障上。但是克里姆林宫表示，现在推断事故原因为时过早。

The Tupolev 154, designed in the 1960s, was the standard aircraft model in civil aviation during the later Soviet years and the period after the collapse of the USSR. While Russian state carrier Aeroflot has since replaced most Tupolevs with new imported Boeing or Airbus aircraft, the Russian military continues to use many ageing Tupolevs.

图-154机型于上世纪60年代设计，是苏联末期和解体后一段时间内民航使用的标准机型。尽管自那之后国有的俄罗斯国际航空公司(Aeroflot)已经以新引进的波音(Boeing)或空客(Airbus)飞机替换了绝大部分图波列夫飞机，但是俄罗斯军方继续使用很多老旧的图波列夫飞机。

The age of the aircraft could not immediately be confirmed. The defence ministry said it was flown by an experienced pilot. The Tupolev was last repaired in 2014 and had undergone a maintenance check this year.

这架飞机的机龄无法得到立即证实。俄罗斯国防部称，该机的驾驶员经验丰富。这架图波列夫上一次维修是在2014年，今年也进行了维修检查。

The Investigative Committee, the federal government body that probes large and severe criminal cases, opened a criminal investigation into the crash — a routine measure.

俄罗斯调查大型和严重刑事案件的联邦政府机构——侦查委员会(Investigative Committee)对此次坠机事件启动了刑事调查，这是一种例行措施。

President Vladimir Putin sent condolences to the families of the victims and ordered Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev to personally oversee a government investigation into the crash.

俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔.普京(Vladimir Putin)向遇难者家属表达了哀悼，并且命令总理德米特里.梅德韦杰夫(Dmitry Medvedev)亲自挂帅政府调查。
HONG KONG — The Japanese public pays careful attention to the words and deeds of Caroline Kennedy, the United States ambassador to Japan and one of the State Department’s best-known diplomats.

香港——对于美国驻日大使、国务院最为人所熟知的外交官之一卡洛琳•肯尼迪(Caroline Kennedy)的一言一行，日本民众都十分关注。

But Ms Kennedy generated an unusual buzz in Tokyo this week by doing something that is almost certainly not in her job description: wearing a Santa suit and dancing in a quirky video.

但本周，肯尼迪做了一件在她职责之外的事情：在一段古怪的视频中穿着圣诞老人的衣服跳舞，这在东京引起了一阵不同寻常的轰动。

The 93-second video, uploaded to YouTube on Tuesday, features United States Embassy employees and consular officials across Japan mimicking dance moves from We Married as a Job!, a popular Japanese television series.

这个时长93秒的视频是在周二被上传到YouTube上的，展示了来自日本各地的美国大使馆职员和领事官员模仿热门日本电视剧《逃避虽可耻但有用》中的舞蹈。

By Friday afternoon, the video had been viewed more than 3.5 million times on YouTube.

到了周五下午，这段视频在YouTube上的播放量已达350万。

Some social media users said the timing of the video’s release,

有社交媒体用户说这段视频的发布时间有欠考虑。

one week after an American military Osprey aircraft crash-landed off Okinawa, setting off anti-American protests, was indelicate.

此前一周，一架美国军用鱼鹰(Osprey)飞机在冲绳坠毁，引发了反美抗议。

But many others welcomed it as pure entertainment or as a sign of warm ties between the two countries.

但也有不少人对该视频表示欢迎，认为它纯属娱乐，也有人将其视作两国间友好关系的表现。

Wow, this is great, one person wrote in Japanese on YouTube.

哇，这不错，有人在YouTube上写道。

Americans are really good at getting carried away.

美国人很容易被带动，

A boring Japanese government would never do this.

无趣的日本政府永远都不会这样做。

The television series premiered in October and stars a lovelorn information technology worker who hires an unemployed woman to pretend to be his wife and do chores around his Tokyo apartment.

这部于十月首播的电视剧讲述了一个从事信息技术工作的人雇佣了一名失业女子为其东京的公寓做家务，后者假扮为他的妻子。

They end up falling in love.

二人最后相爱了。

The show’s closing dance features five characters performing goofy, choreographed moves in the man’s living room, to the sounds of a peppy song titled Koi,’’ or Love.’’

这部电视剧结尾的舞蹈，是五名剧中人在男子的客厅中伴随着活泼的歌曲，表演着傻乎乎、经过编排的舞蹈动作，歌曲名为Koi（爱）。

It became a sensation on Japanese social media, and people around the country — including a group of famous figure skaters — have uploaded their own versions of the Koi Dance.

这段舞在日本社交媒体上引发了轰动，来自日本各地的人们都上传了自己表演这段爱之舞的视频。

In the embassy’s version, Ms Kennedy performs the opening move, which looks vaguely like a yoga pose, to the song from the show.

在大使馆的版本中，伴随着电视剧中的歌曲，肯尼迪表演了看起来像是瑜伽姿势的开场动作，

Other scenes show members of her staff dancing around their offices in Christmas hats and sweaters, as one official lip syncs the lyrics.

其他的场景则是她的工作人员戴着圣诞帽、穿着圣诞毛衣，在办公室里跳舞，还有一名官员对口型唱着歌词。

The video also includes a cameo by a person dressed as the bear Kumamon, the rosy-cheeked mascot for the southern prefecture of Kumamoto, who dances beside a team of fake reindeer.

视频里还有一个人身穿熊本熊服装，在一群假驯鹿旁跳舞。

Asked to comment on the video, Jonas D. Stewart,

当被要求对这段视频置评时，日本大使馆发言人乔纳斯•D•斯图尔特(Jonas D. Stewart)

an embassy spokesman in Tokyo, said that quite a few of the embassy’s Japanese and American staff members were fans of the television show, and that they had been inspired to interpret the Koi Dance after watching others on social media.

说大使馆不少日本和美国工作人员都是这部剧的粉丝，在看到别人在社交媒体上的视频后，萌生了模仿爱之舞的想法。

He also expressed gratitude to Kumamon for agreeing to dance in the embassy’s video.

他还对熊本熊愿意在视频中跳舞表达了感谢之情。

We thought people would enjoy it, he said, but we had no idea how popular it would become.

我们觉得人们会喜欢，他说，但完全没想到会有多受欢迎。
ll along, the Memphis Grizzlies could offer Mike Conley things that no other suitor could:

一直以来，孟菲斯灰熊队都能给康利其他追求者所不能媲美的条件：
More money and security through a five-year deal; the chance to build on a career—long investment in Memphis;
一份长达五年的合同，且合同的金额最高（鸟权）以及稳固的球队地位；可以在一支球队从一而终；
Friendships and equity throughout the Grizzlies organization and a competitive atmosphere enriched by both the familiar and the potential for growth.
遍布球队上上下下数不尽的友谊和权益；一个既熟悉又具有成长潜力，充满竞争力的球队环境。
The intersection of those factors made a return to Memphis likely but an agreement on the opening day of free agency confirmed the premise Conley will continue his career with the Grizzlies on a five-year, $153 million deal——a true max for his experience bracket and the richest overall contract in NBA history.
所有这些因素的交集都预示着康利将在交易期与灰熊队完成续约，但是直到自由市场开启的第一天，这个决定才最终证实了之前的猜测。康利与灰熊队签订了一份为期5年高达1.53亿的合同，因此他将在孟菲斯继续自己的职业生涯——在现有劳资协议架构下，以康利的资历能拿到的最大合同，也是NBA历史上单笔最昂贵的合同。
The specifics of Conley’s contract are understandably shocking.
康利合同的细节虽然容易理解，但还是令人惊叹。
Conley is a few tiers removed from the best players at his position and otherwise bears little resemblance to a conventional superstar.
康利是除去这个位置那几个最强的家伙以外最强的控球后卫之一了，在其他方面他和传统的超级巨星并无相似之处。
Yet he’ll be compensated above and beyond any of the league’s greats due to the intersection of his free agency and the NBA’s greatest financial boom.
然而这一次，由于他进入自由市场，以及NBA的工资帽飞涨，他将得到远远多于联盟其他巨星的补偿。
Do not see that as a reason to punish him or take his deal, in itself, as some indictment.
不要以此为理由来惩罚他，或者以此来控诉他这份超大的合同。
Prized free agents can only be paid what the Prized free agents can only be paid what their market allows.
被认为最有价值的自由球员也只能得到市场规则允许的报价。
Conley just happened to step into the richest, most uninhibited market the NBA has ever seen at a time when his game warranted the investment of a max contract.
康利只是恰好来到了这个联盟中前所未有的最为富有，最不受约束的交易期，而他的比赛表现又确保他值得这样一份顶薪合同而已。
Memphis was ultimately the team to pay it but not the only team to offer, Dallas, for example, very much wanted Conley but didn’t have enough to motivate his signing. Other teams, San Antonio among them, looked into what it might take to add Conley and just how interested he might be in moving.
孟菲斯是最终为康利买单的一支球队，可它并不是唯一一支愿意为他开出顶薪的球队。比如说，达拉斯小牛队也非常想签下康利，但是他们没有什么促使康利签约的强烈动机。其他球队，包括圣安东尼奥马刺队，他们仔细研究过签下康利所需付出的代价以及他到底有多大的出走意愿。
Nothing that Conley heard in his meetings with other teams or through his representation was enough to sway him.
然而在与诸多球队的会晤中，康利并没有听到什么令他动心的条件，从他的言谈中我们也没有什么听到什么动摇的迹象。
Memphis began as the frontrunner and ended as a closer.
于是孟菲斯既是最初的领跑者，也成了终结了这桩交易的最终买家。
Conley’s return cements this as the biggest and most expensive off-season in Grizzlies history.
康利的回归促成了灰熊迎来队史上最声势浩大，也是最所费不赀的一个夏天。
Chandler Parsons will join Conley in Memphis on another, smaller max deal—the third max that this notoriously cost-conscious organization has agreed to in the past year or so.
钱德勒-帕森斯也将以一份稍小的顶薪合同加盟灰熊，和康利并肩作战。这已经是这支以成本控制著称的球队去年以来开出的第三份顶薪合同了。
康利
Memphis will still need to figure out how to invigorate its offense and activate its dormant defense while learning how to operate under a new coaching staff, though the fact that players like Conley and Parsons will be a central part of those efforts is reason for optimism.

灰熊还需要搞清楚应该怎样在新的教练体系下盘活他们的进攻，并如何激活他们处在沉睡状态中的防守，尽管康利和帕森斯参与其中可以给他们乐观的理由。
Change is a function of capability.
变革会导致能力的变化。
Conley’s return preserves much of it and enticed Parsons to add more, reinvigorating a franchise that was at risk of drifting from the league’s more competitive ranks.
康利的回归让球队元气未伤，为球队招揽帕森斯可以让球队实力增强，灰熊在竞争日益激烈的西部有掉队危险，康利和帕森斯将会帮助他们走向复兴。
Paying to keep Conley was both an act of preservation and a very necessary move for a franchise without much reasonable alternative.
花大价钱挽留康利不仅仅是保存实力的一种举动，更是在球队没有更多可行办法的情况下的一步必要之举。
Just last summer Conley helped entice Marc Gasol to return, as their partnership had become the functional centerpiece of Grizzlies basketball.
就在去年夏天，