新GRE阅读文章的3个特点大揭秘.docx

本文格式为Word版，下载可任意编辑
新GRE阅读文章的3个特点大揭秘
高分必备,新GRE阅读文章的3个特点大揭秘,我们来看看吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
【高分必备】新GRE阅读文章的3个特点大揭秘
新GRE阅读文章特点主要可以归纳为三点：文章改写、题材广泛以及风格固定。下面我为同学们具体整理了新GRE阅读文章的三个特点，供各位考生参考。
新GRE阅读文章特点之文章改写
全部的GRE阅读文章都不是照搬照抄原有的学术论文。其编写过程一般是出题机构先找到基本符合要求的“源文章”，然后依据出题机构的要求对文章进行相应的改编。

新GRE阅读文章特点之题材广泛
如前言中所说，GRE阅读文章所涉及的题材有所区分，即GRE阅读没有管理类的文章，而这正是GMAT阅读常常出现的题材。但总的来说，它们所涉及的题材都十分广泛，一般来说，GRE阅读文章可分为以下四类：人文类文章 (humanities)，自然科学类 (science)，社会科学类 (social science) 和商业管理类 (business)。尽管GRE阅读文章涉及的学科众多，但是考生对于这些题材无需具备相关的学问预备，答题所需要的一切信息均在文章中可以找到;并且考生不能依据自己对相关题材的了解自行裁减文章的内容和观点。这四种题材将在以后的节目中按题材分类作具体讲解。
新GRE阅读文章特点之风格固定
几乎全部的GRE阅读文章的风格特别鲜亮并因此很简单识别，其中最重要的特点就是文章中必定会存在大量的冲突(conflicts)。
此外，出题机构主要依靠营造冲突来让考生有一种紧急之感(tension)。这也就是说，GRE文章必定有针锋相对的观点，有新发觉质疑已有观点和认识，有对问题的诸个解决方案之间的分歧等。此类现象在GRE的阅读文章中几乎随处可见。
通过上述对于新GRE阅读文章三个特点介绍，信任有利于考生对GRE阅读出题重点的把握，盼望可以供大家参考，取得理想的成果!
GRE阅读日常练习精选
In the semi-arid lowlands of Mufindi, in southern Tanzania, water is hard to come by.
姆芬迪低地位于坦桑尼亚南部，属半干旱气候，水资源匮乏。
Villagers rely on irrigation to grow maize, potatoes and spinach.
村民依靠灌溉设施种植玉米、土豆和菠菜。
Informal and often woolly codes govern how much water each farmer diverts to their own fields, and how much they leave for their neighbours downstream.
农民自家用多少水，给下游乡亲留多少水，没有官方说法，也没有明确标准。
Some farmers, naturally, turn out to be more grasping than others.
一些村民相比其他人表现出了较为贪欲的本性。
Economists typically see such decisions as irreducible: there is no accounting for individuals values and preferences.
经济学家普遍认为，每个人有各自的价值观和偏好，所以水资源安排的决策也很难一概而论。
But a new study investigates why there is such variation in generosity among Mufindis farmers.
但一项新讨论探讨了姆芬迪农民慷慨程度差异背后的缘由。
The researchers asked other villagers to rank each farmers social status on a scale of one to four.
讨论人员要求其他村民将每个农民的社会地位按一到四分级。
Then they invited the farmers to take part in a game in which participants had to decide how much water they would take under different scenarios.
然后，他们邀请农民参加一项游戏。游戏中，参加者要确定自己在不怜悯境下的用水量。
Participants were paid small sums, which varied according to how well they did in the game.
参加者依据表现可以拿到少额不同的酬劳。
They received more money if they reaped a bigger harvest by taking more than their share of water, for instance, but less if the other villagers fined them for violating water-sharing norms
例如，假如取水量大于应得份额，收成就更好，参加者得到的酬劳就更高;但假如因违背水资源共享规则而遭到其他村民罚款，酬劳就会少一些。
In hypothetical times of scarcity, only high-status women shared the water fairly.
在水资源稀缺的假设条件下，只有地位高的女性公平共享了水资源。
Low-status men and women would share fairly when water was plentiful, but were stingier when water was scarce.
地位低的男性和女性，当水资源丰富时尚能公平共享，匮乏时则吝啬得多。
High-status men hogged water at all times.
地位高的男性不管何时都会独占水资源。
Rather than simply conclude that some farmers were more altruistic than others, however, the researchers split the participants into groups by status and gender to discuss the outcome.
讨论人员没有将上述现象简洁地归结为一些农民更为大公无私，而是将参加者根据社会地位和性别分组以便商量结果。
Rich and powerful men, it turned out, were less worried about being GREedy, either because the gains dwarfed any fine, or because they assumed their downstream neighbours would not dare complain.
讨论说明，有钱有势的男性之所以不那么在意自己是否太贪欲了，要么是因为贪欲带来的收益远远超过了罚款，要么是因为他们认为下游邻居不敢埋怨。
One villager said that she had to keep quiet, since the person overusing the water was influential.
一位村民谈到，滥用水的那个人很有势力，她只能闭嘴。
By contrast, another said, “Low-status people are not expected to break the rules.”
相反，也有人说：“不要希望下层人打破规矩。”
Women, even of high status, also seem inhibited.
女性，甚至地位高的女性，看起来都十分克制。
The apparent generosity of women and the poor, in short, may not be the product of compassion, but of discrimination.
简言之，女性和穷人所表现出的慷慨，不是出于怜悯，而是由于受到了卑视。
GRE阅读日常练习精选
MICHAEL OVERD is an evangelical Christian with strong views on the sinfulness of homosexuality and the wrongness of Islam (except, presumably, on the issue of homosexuality). He likes to hold forth among the shoppers of Taunton, a quiet town in south-west England. But on March 23rd Mr. Overd was found guilty of using threatening or abusive language—although a more serious charge of causing “religiously aggravated” offence was rejected. The judge, Shamim Qureshi, ordered him to pay ￡250 ($375) in compensation to a man who said he was left feeling “ashamed and belittled” by the preachers stance on same-sex relations.
迈克尔·奥维德是一名福音基督徒，他认为同性恋是一种原罪，而伊斯兰教是错的(不过可能在认为同性恋有罪上或许他们是一致的)，对此他持有强硬的看法。他喜爱在英格兰西南部的一个清静小镇汤顿里，向顾客作长篇大论的演讲。但在3月23号，奥维德被判使用恐吓性或羞辱性语言的罪名，尽管更严重的指控给—造成“宗教骚扰”被驳回了。法官沙米姆·库勒西令其向一名男士支付250镑(374美元)的赔偿金，这名男士表示因牧师在同性关系所持立场令他感到“惭愧和轻视”。
When Mr. Overd objected to “paying 250 to a sodomite” the judge threatened him with 45 days in prison. The preacher then aGREed to pay compensation but said he would appeal. “I find it quite incredible that a Muslim judge finds a Christian guilty and wants to protect homosexuals, whom I have no personal hatred against,” he declared on leaving the courtroom.
当奥维德拒绝“付250镑给一个同性恋者”时，法官威逼警告他将面临45天的牢狱之灾。这位牧师最终容许了支付赔偿金但表示将会上诉。在离开法庭时他声明：“我觉得一名穆斯林法官判定一名基督徒有罪还想爱护同性恋是不行思议的，但我对同性恋并没有个人恩怨。”
The evangelist has acquired some unlikely defenders. The National Secular Society (NSS), which fights religious privilege of all kinds, says the case vindicates its long-running campaign to safeguard free speech from sloppy legislation. Mr. Overd was prosecuted under the Public Order Act, which outlaws “threatening, insulting or abusive” language and can result in prison sentences of up to seven years if the offence is deemed to be racially or religiously motivated.
这位福音传道者获得了一些令人意想不到的捍卫者。英国世俗协会(NSS)反对任何形式的宗教特权，该协会表示这个案子证明了在漏洞百出的法律下争取自由言论的长期运动是正确的。奥维德在公共秩序法之下被迫害，这部法律将“威逼性、污蔑性或羞辱性”话语定为非法，假如罪行是种族或宗教问题而引发的话，可能会被判高达七年的有期徒刑。
Thanks to a campaign by the NSS and others, the law has been amended so that insulting language no longer incurs prosecution merely because the police think it has the potential to offend. It must be shown that an insult was directed at a particular person or group, and that offence was taken. But civil libertarians want the law further amended to protect insulting speech and take away the reference to religious aggravation. Although Britain has abolished its ancient ban on blasphemy, which punished insults against Christianity, the concept of religious aggravation amounts to a new sort of blasphemy law that could be used to prevent criticism of any religion, argues Keith Porteous Wood, executive director of the NSS
由于NSS和其他人推动，这项法律已被修订。因此警方再也不能认为公民的言语有冒犯倾向而对其提出诉讼，警方必需要证明羞辱是针对某个特定的人或群体，并且该冒犯行为已被人当真。但公民自由主义者盼望法律进行进一步修订，爱护羞辱性的言语并取消关于宗教骚扰的条文。尽管英国已取消亵渎神明这一禁止羞辱__的古老禁令，宗教骚扰这一概念意味着一种新的亵渎神明法，可以被用来阻挡对任何宗教的批判，NSS的执行理事基斯·波蒂厄斯·伍德如是说。
One of Britains best known gay-rights campaigners, Peter Tatchell, has offered to speak in court in favour of the preachers right to hold forth. He thinks that Mr. Overds views are bigoted and would protest against them. But being spared offence is not a human right, he says: “In a free, democratic society, the criminalization of unpleasant opinions is a step too far.”
皮特·塔切尔是英国最有名的同性恋权利捍卫者之一，他提出要在法庭上发言支持牧师演讲的权利。他认为奥维德的观点是僵化的并会抵抗这些言行。但他说，不受冒犯不是一项人权，“在一个自由民主的社会，对不受欢迎的意见定罪未免太过了。”
GRE阅读练习：Visual recognition
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
For the following question consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
□A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
□B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
□C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
1
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories.
视觉识别包括储存和取回记忆。
2
Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.
眼睛激发的神经活动，在大脑的记忆系统中形成一幅图像，由被观看对象在脑内呈现的画面组成。
3
When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.
当对象再次出如今视野，与脑内画面吻合，就会被辨识。
4
Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, onestep process or a serial, step-by-step one.
如今争辩的焦点是，识别过程到底是并行的，一步完成的还是串行的，分多步完成的。
5
Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.
G学校的心理学家坚称，对象是被作为一个整体识别的，过程是并行的：脑内图像与视网膜图像的匹配，是一步到位的。
6
Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features.
其他心理学家则认为，脑内图像特征与观看对象特征的匹配，是逐步完成的。
7
Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
即便有些试验显示，随着观看对象越来越熟识，它的脑内图像越来越整体化而识别过程也相应变得越来越同时完成，但大量证据好像支持串行假设，至少对于那些明显不简洁不熟识的对象是这样。
(holistic 整体论的(holism)，强调整体的重要性而不行分割的，强调整体分析而忽视部分分析的)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
选 D
A 大脑如何接受图像，没在解释这个。
B 确实综合了两种假设，但前面还有其他内容，B 项忽视了句 1、2、3。
C 只有句 7 的一部分而已。
D 商量了视觉识别过程，以及解释这个过程的两种假设。
E 只是在瞎聊。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
□A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
□B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
□C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
选 BC
A 无法推断是否完全一样，G 校学者只是认为这个过程是一蹴而就的，完全有理由怀疑 G 学者们并不排斥，“ image和presentation的一部分吻合就已经完成了recognition，仍旧是 one step procedure ” 的看法。
B 符合句 5 描述的推想。
C 符合句 5 描述的推想。
句 5：
Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.

第 11 页 共 11 页