英语语言学—试卷.doc

语言学概论试卷（一）
I. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions. (10%, one point for each blank)
1. The __________ study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular point of time.
2. __________ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.
3. When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not completely closed, the air-stream passing through the glottis has to cause vibration. The sounds made in this way are called ______________.
4. The lowering of the soft palate brings about the production of ________ consonants.
5. We can define a phoneme as a minimal ________ unit in the sound system of a language.
6. __________, one of the suprasegmental features in English, refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause.
7. ___________ are the realizations of a specific morpheme.
8. The linguistic forms that have substitutional relations belong to the same __________________.
9. The linguists who intend to find out how a sentence is generated by rules follow the theory of ______________.
10. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the ________________ of words.
II. Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given. (25%, one point for each)
1. The sound [v] is a(n) ________.
A. oral voiced alveolar affricate C. oral voiced labiodental fricative
B. oral voiceless dental liquid D. nasal voiced postalveolar fricative
2. Dentals are different from velars in terms of ________.
A. the position of the soft velum
B. the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration
C. the place of articulation
D. the manner of articulation
3. Which of the following is a minimal pair? ________.
A. beat and bought C. /mi:t/ and /ti:m/
B. /li:v/ and /fi:l/ D. /sit/ and /su:p/
4. The sound [j] can be described as ________ in terms of feature specifications.
A. [+continuant], [-vocalic], [+consonantal], [-anterior]
B. [-consonantal], [+vocalic], [+continuant], [+coronal]
C. [-consonantal], [-vocalic], [-anterior], [-nasal]
D. [-consonantal], [-vocalic], [-voiced], [+coronal]
5. The environment of the sound [m] in the word [‘medisin] can be described as ________.
A. [‘ - edisin] C. [# - edisin]
B. [# - e] D. [- e]
6. The sound ______ is an oral voiceless palatal plosive.
A. [p] C. [k]
B. [c] D. [t]
7. Which of the following is not a minimal pair? ________.
A. /æsk/ and /ɑ:sk/ C. bate and bat
B. /sit/ and /sæt/ D. fit and knit
8. The word difficult from difficulty involves the word formation process of __
A. blending C. clipping
B. compounding D. back-formation
9. By saying language is ________, we mean that there is no logical reason why a certain linguistic form should represent a certain linguistic meaning and there is no reason why a certain linguistic meaning should be represented by a certain linguistic form either.
A. creative C. symbolic
B. arbitrary D. changeable
10. The purpose of __________ linguistics is to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language.
A. applied C. general
B. structural D. descriptive
11. The sound [i] can be described as a(n) ________ vowel.
A. oral central high unrounded lax
B. nasal front mid rounded tense
C. oral front high unrounded lax
D. oral back low rounded tense
12. Which of the following words involves the process of blending? ________.
A. agreement from agree ment
B. heliport from helicopter + airport
C. blackboard from black + board
D. VOA from Voice of America
13. According to Chomsky, ________ is “the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language”.
A. competence C. parole
B. langue D. performance
14. ________ phonetics studies how a speech sound is produces by the vocal organs.
A. visual C. acoustic
B. auditory D. articulatory
15. ________ refer to the sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate.
A. velars C. alveopalatals
B. palatals D. glottals
16. In terms of feature specifications, bilabials, labiodentals, dentals and alveolars are all marked with ________.
A. [+coronal] C. [+anterior]
B. [-aspirated] D. [-nasal]
17. If two or more sounds ____________, they are in contrastive distribution.
A. can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change of meaning
B. can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another causes a change of meaning
C. can never occur in the same environment
D. can always appear in the same environment
18. ________ features are used to describe phonemes.
A. Distinctive C. Phonetic
B. Semantic D. Phonological
19. Different from intonation languages, tone languages are languages that use pitch to contrast meaning at ________ level.
A. sentence C. phrase
B. word D. phrase or sentence
20. ________ morphemes refer to the morphemes that can stand alone as individual words.
A. Affixational C. Bound
B. Root D. Free
21. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called ________.
A. affixation C. conversion
B. compounding D. blending
22. The ________ relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.
A. sequential C. hierarchical
B. syntagmatic D. substitutional
23. The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a phrase structure rule is called a(n) ________ constituent.
A. compulsory C. immediate
B. ultimate D. optional
24. Transformational rules perform all the following three kinds of operations except ________.
A. rearranging the sentence elements
B. adding a new element to the phrase marker
C. deleting an element from the phrase marker
D. creating new semantic roles for the sentence elements
25. In a deep structure phrase marker of a sentence, if a phrase only contains one word, it is always labeled first with a _________ category.
A. lexical C. non-lexical
B. phrase D. functional
III. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true or F for false in the blank offered after each statement. (15%, one point for each)
1. The sound [w] is an oral voiced bilabial glide. ________
2. General linguistics deals with the whole human language. ________
3. Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay. ________
4. All the English words are not symbolic. ________
5. When two articulators are brought together to form a complete closure which is followed by a sudden release, the sounds are called affricates. ________
6. The sound [æ] can be specified as [-high], [+low], [+front], [-back], [-rounded] and [-tense]. ________
7. The sounds that are in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme. ________
8. Chinese is a tone language. ________
9. By prefixation, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation. ________
10. Inflectional affixes never cause a change in grammatical class. ________
11. In a dynamical study, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them. ________
12. A phrase always contains more than one word. It cannot be a single word. ________
13. A surface structure gives the form of a sentence as it is used in communication. ________
14. The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs; the other verbs are helping verbs. _______
15. T-Passive must be applied before T-Yes/No question. ________
IV. Answer the following questions. (20%)
1. How does a linguist construct a rule? (7%)
2. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set? (6%)
3. Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes. (7%)
V. Practical work. (30%)
1. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (6%)
1) a voiceless dental fricative ____
2) an oral high back lax vowel ____
3) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ____
4) a nasal low back rounded vowel ____
5) an alveolar nasal ____
6) an oral front high tense vowel ____
2. Change the following phonemic transcriptions into phonetic transcriptions: (8%)
1) /’bCtl/ _________________________________
2) /pi:k/ _______________
3) /milk/ _________________________________
4) /giv/ _________________________________
5) /’nEutbuk/ _________________________________
6) /eitP/ _________________________________
7) /skin/ _________________________________
8) /mæn/ ______________
3. Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next: (4%)
Example: blackboard = black + board
1) television = ____________
2) children = ____________
3) deer (in plural form) = ____________
4) manage = ____________
4. Draw the deep structure phrase markers of the following sentences: (12%)
1) The car was being repaired.
2) Was the article written by Helen?
3) The student might have been praised by the teacher.
4) What has been done to the car?

语言学概论试卷（一）答案
I. （每空1分，共10分）
1. synchronic 6. Juncture
2. Phonological 7. Allomorphs
3. voiced sounds 8. syntactic category
4. nasal 9. Transformational-Generative Grammar
5. distinctive 10. meaningful grouping
本项为填空题，若有拼写错误、大小写错误，都不得分。
第1题答案亦可为：descriptive
第9题答案亦可为：TG Grammar

II. （每题1分，共25分）
1-5: CCACB
6-10: BADBD
11-15: CBADA
16-20: CBABD
21-25: CDADB

III. （每题1分，共15分）
1-5: TTFTF
6-10: TFTFT
11-15: FFTTT

IV. （共20分）
1. To construct a rule, the linguist starts with collecting data. （1.5分） Based on the data collected, he may construct a very simple rule as a tentative version. （1.5分） Then he examines the tentative rule against further data. If the additional data do not agree with it, he has to modify it. （1.5分） He deeps on testing the rule and, accordingly, revising the rule until the rule can account for all the relevant data collected. （1.5分 Very likely, the data gathered are not complete. Thus, the rule formed is open to further modifications. （1分）
2. To decide a minimal pair, we should check whether two forms meet the following three conditions:
1) they are different in meaning; （2分）
2) they differ only in one sound segment; 2分）
3) the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings. （2分）
When a group of words meet all the three conditions, they are called a minimal set.
3. Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into roots and affixes. （0.5分） Structurally speaking, they are divided into free morphemes and bound morphemes. （0.5分） All free morphemes are roots, （1.5分） but not all roots are free morphemes. （1.5分） All affixes are bound morphemes, （1.5分） but not all bound morphemes are affixes. （1.5分）
V. （共30分）
1. （共6分）
1) [θ] 4) [ ]
2) [u] 5) [n]
3) [ ] 6) [i:]
2. （共8分）
1) [‘b ? ] 5) [‘n ut﹁buk] or [‘n ut﹁buk﹁]
2) [p i:c] or [p i:c﹁] 6) [ei θ]
3) [mi k] or [mi k﹁] 7) [scin]
4) [ iv] 8) [mæn]
3. （共4分）
1) television = tele + vis + ion
2) children = child + r + en
3) deer (in plural form) = deer + /ø/
4) manage = manage
4. （共12分）
1) S

NP AUX VP

N Tense Prog V NP

Det N

Someone Past be-ING repair the car
2) S

NP AUX VP

N Tense V NP

Det N

Helen Past write the article
3) S

NP AUX VP

Det N Tense Modal Perf V NP

Det N

The teacher Past may have-EN praise the student

4) S

NP AUX VP

N Tense Perf V Object PP

P NP

Det N

Someone Present have-EN do Δ to the car

语言学概论试卷（二）
I. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions. (10%, one point for each blank)
1. __________ linguistics studies the whole human language and aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general.
2. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, linguistics should investigate the abstract system of a language, which is called ________.
3. In terms of the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration, the English consonants can be grouped into two kinds: _____________ and _______________.
4. __________ refers to the space between the vocal cords.
5. The ____________ of a sound consists of all the possible environments in which the sound concerned may occur.
6. __________ transcriptions include all the linguistically relevant features of sounds.
7. Technically, a morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the __________ system of a language.
8. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, the constituents connected by the two lines which are branching from the same point are called the __________ of the form above that point.
9. In the course of generating the deep structure of a sentence, the phrase structure rules are applied __________ in the sense that every time only one rule is applied.
II. Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given. (25%, one point for each)
1. The sound [z] is a(n) __________.
A. oral voiceless alveolar glide C. oral voiced alveopalatal affricate
B. nasal voiced postalveolar plosive D. oral voiced alveolar fricative
2. Which of the following is a minimal pair? ________.
A. thin and win C. sheep and sleep
B. /sæd/ and /fæt/ D. /ten/ and /net/
3. The sound [r] can be described as ___ in terms of feature specifications.
A. [+consonantal], [+vocalic], [+continuant], [+coronal]
B. [-vocalic], [+consonantal], [+voiced], [-aspirated]
C. [-consonantal], [+vocalic], [-anterior], [-nasal]
D. [+consonantal], [+vocalic], [+anterior], [-aspirated]
4. The environment of the sound [k] in the word [‘mi:kli] can be described as ________.
A. [‘mi: - li] C. [i: - l]
B. [mi: - l] D. [i: - li]
5. Which of the following words involves the process of acronymy? ________.
A. SARS from severe acute respiratory syndrome
B. edit from editor
C. prof from professor
D. telecast from television + broadcast
6. The sound ________ is an oral voiceless postalveolar affricate.
A. [tr] C. [s]
B. [h] D. [t]
7. The liquids are different from glides in terms of ________.
A. the position of the soft velum
B. the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vib