-外研版八年级下第二单元知识点详解加题目.doc

教学内容：
一. 课前回顾
宾语从句易错题：
1. — I bought the watch two months ago.
— You mean that you _____ it for nearly two months.
A. have had B. have brought C. have bought D. have taken
2. —Let’s go fishing if it ________ this weekend.
—But nobody knows if it ________.
A. is fine; will rain B. will be fine; rains
C. is fine; rains D. will be fine; will rain

二. 知识点梳理
1. Have you ever won any prizes before？ 你以前曾经获过奖吗？
ever为副词，表示“曾经；从来；在任何时候。”
【重点】ever表示“曾经”，常用于现在完成时的疑问句中，用以加强语气。可构成短语ever since表示“自……起”。
例：-- Have you ever spoken to a foreigner？你曾经同外国人说过话吗？
-- Yes, I have. – No, I never.（否定回答用never）
典例精讲：
—Anna，have you　　　　 seen China's Got Talent （《中国达人秀》）？
—Of course. I　　　　 it last weekend.（咸宁）
A. never；saw　　　　 B. ever；have seen
C. never；have seen　 D. ever；saw
【拓展】ever表示“在任何时候”，常用于否定句及条件句中。
例：Nothing new ever happens in this village.这个村子里至今不曾发生过新事。
If you ever come to Beijing, be sure to let me know.如果你到北京来，务必通知我一声。
【辨析】before和ago
⑴before在此处为副词，意为“以前”。before常用于现在完成时中，也可用于一般过去时中，通常位于句末。
例：He has never seen such a huge stone before.他以前从未见过这么大的石头。
before还可以用作介词或者连词，意为“在…之前”，可表示时间、位置、顺序等。
例：My father usually goes to bed before 9 pm.我爸爸通常在晚上九点之前上床睡觉。
Turn off the light before you leave the room.离开房间前关上灯。
⑵ago为副词，意为“以前”，不能单独使用，通常用于一般过去时太句子的末尾，“一段时间+ago”意为“….以前”。
口诀记忆
时间点前before领，时间段后ago跟。

例：Her father has studied French before.她父亲以前学过法语。
Her father studied French 3 years ago.她父亲三年前学习了法语。

2. And maybe you will win a prize.也许你会赢得奖金。
win为动词，意为“赢、获胜”，例：We are sure to win the game.我们确信能赢得比赛。
【考点】辨析win和beat
①win指在游戏、比赛、竞赛、选举中获胜，后常跟game， race， prize等表示“物”的词。
例：Tom won first prize in the writing competition.汤姆在写作竞赛中赢得了一等奖
②beat指在运动、比赛等中获胜，打败了其他人或其他队，后常跟somebody， class等表示“人”的词。
例：They beat us in the basketball match last Monday. 上周一他们在篮球比赛中打败我们。

典例精讲：
—Our team 　　　　the match. We've got first place！
—Well done！
A. hit　 B. beat　 C. won　 D. watched

【拓展】辨析may be和maybe 
may be和maybe一分一合,但它们的含义和用法却截然不同。
maybe是副词,意思是“也许、可能”,在句中作状语,相当于perhaps,常位于句首.
例：Maybe she’ll come this afternoon.她可能今天下午来.
Maybe you put the letter in your pockets.大概你把信放在衣袋里了.
在may be中,may是情态动词,be是动词原形,两者构成完整的谓语形式,与主语形成系表结构,意为“也许是、可能是”.
例：I can’t find my watch. It may be in your pocket. 我找不到我的手表了,它可能在你的口袋里.
He may be a soldier.他可能是军人.
【注】maybe和may be可相互转换.
He may be in the office. = Maybe he is in the office.他或许在办公室.
You may be right. = Maybe you are right.你或许是对的.

3. But I can't afford it.但是，我负担不起。
afford为动词，意为“（有财力）买得起，付得起”。
例：The girl likes the handbag very much， but she can't afford it. 这个女孩非常喜欢这个手提包，但她买不起
【考点afford常接在can， could， be able to之后，表示担负得起（……的费用、损失、后果等），常用于否定句和疑问句中。
例：Many people can't afford a new house now. 现在许多人买不起新房子。
【重点】afford 后面可以接名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语。
例：The family could not afford to send her to college. 家里没有足够的钱供她上大学。
典例精讲：
—Some children can't afford　　　　 necessary stationery.
—Let's donate our pocket money to them.（扬州）
A. buy B. buying C.to buy D.be bought

【难点】afford 后面可以接双宾语，即afford sb.sth.“为某人提供某物”。
例：Reading will afford you much pleasure.阅读会给你提供很多乐趣。

4. I will invite you to come with me.我将邀请你跟我一起去。
invite为动词，意为“邀请”。
例：Did Jim invite you last night？ 昨晚吉姆邀请你了吗？
【考点】invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事
例：He invited Mary to have dinner. 他邀请玛丽吃晚餐。
典例精讲：翻译句子
昨天我邀请他和我一起吃晚餐。（滨州）
____________________________________________________
【拓展】invite的名词形式为invitation“邀请函；请帖”，常与介词to连用。
例：Jane received an invitation to a party just now. 刚才简收到了一个聚会邀请函。

5. He has over ten years' teaching experience. 他有十多年的教学经验。
【考点】作为动词，experience意为“经历”。
例：He has experienced a lot of things in America.他在美国经历了许多的事情。
作为名词时，分为可数名词和不可数名词。
不可数名词
意为“经验”
He has rich experience in teaching.
他在教学上有丰富的经验。
可数名词
意为“经历”
My uncle has many unusual experiences.
我的叔叔有许多不寻常的经历。
典例精讲：
In April，the weather in some places in Shanxi was really changeable. People still remember they have 　　　　four seasons in a week.（山西）
A. organized　 B. experienced　 C. described

6. Have you ever visited another country？
another作为限定词时，表示“又一；再一 ”，而作为代词时，表示“另一个”。
例：Could you answer me another question？你能再回答我一个问题吗？
【考点】“ another＋基数词＋名词”表示“再……”, 等同于“基数词＋more＋名词”。
例：We wanted another three books.
＝We wanted three more books.我们想再要三本书
【易错点】图解巧辨another，the other，the others与others

典例精讲：
—Shall we meet at 8 o'clock next Sunday morning？
—I won't be free then. Let's make it 　　　　 day.（福州）
A. other　　 B. another　 　C. the other

7. Mike Robinson is a fifteen year old American boy.
a fifteen-year-old American boy一位15岁的美国男孩
例：Mr Wang has a twoyearold son.王先生有一个两岁大的儿子
基数-year-old
复合词，相当于形容词，作名词的前置定语，且表示计量的名词year用单数形式，意为“几岁大的……”。
Tom is a twelve-year-old boy.
汤姆是一个十二岁大的男孩。
基数词＋years＋old
常放在be动词后面，作表语，当基数词大于1时，year用复数形式，意为“……岁”。
Tom is twelve years old.
汤姆十二岁。
典例精讲：
A 　　　　girl named Dong Xinyi looked after her disabled father.（齐齐哈尔）
A. three-year-old　　　B. three-years-old C. three years old
你知道数词的拼写规则及用法吗？
写出数字：5,237,166,234

表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past，再加小时。
例：five past seven 七点过五分
half past six 六点半
a quarter past eight 八点过一刻
seven past eight 八点过七分
表示几点差几分，在分钟后面加to，再加小时
例：ten to eight 差十分八点（七点五十分）
a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点（十一点四十五分）
twenty to six 差二十分六点（五点四十分）

8. At the moment，Mike and Clare are in Cairo in Egypt，one of the biggest and busiest cities in Africa.
one of意为“…之一”。
例：Staying with family and friends is one of the happiest things in the world.和家人、朋友待在一起是世界上最开心的事情之一。
【考点】one of＋the＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数，意为“最……的……之一”。此结构作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
例：One of the most dangerous sports in the world is mountain climbing. 世界上最危险的运动之一是登山。
典例精讲：
As we know，the Yangtze River is one of rivers in the world.（泸州）
A. long　　　 B. longer　 C. longest　　　　D. the longest
你知道one, it, that作为代词时的用法吗？
分别代指什么？

9. It has sent Peter to work in Germany， France and China before.
此处sent为send的过去式，表示派遣去；命令……去
例：The boss sent him to go to Beijing yesterday. 昨天老板派他去了北京。
【考点】send sb.to do sth.派某人去做某事。
例：She sent me to pick up her son last week. 上周她派我去接她儿子。
【易错点】send sb.sth.＝send sth.to sb.把某物寄给某人。
例：Please send me a book.＝Please send a book to me.请寄给我一本书。
典例精讲：
My husband　　me flowers every week before we got married，but now he never　　（随州）
A. sent；does　　　　　　 B. sends；does
C. was going to send；do　 D. sent；do
【拓展】由send构成的短语：
send for 派人去请 send up 发射
send out 分发　 send off 寄出

10. This language is different from English in many ways，and they find it hard to spell and pronounce the words.
【重点】“find＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.”等同于find接宾语从句，句式中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。（用你所学过的知识解析这个句型）
例：I find it difficult to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很困难。
典例精讲：
用所给词的适当形式填空。
At times，parents find it difficult 　　　 （talk）with their teenage children.（淮安）

11. How long have the Robinsons been in Egypt?罗宾逊一家在埃及待了多长时间？
【辨析】how long; how often; how soon; how far
how long
1. 表示多长时间，与延续性动词连用,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问。常用“for+一段时间”和“since+时间点” 回答.
A：How long does it take to get to London from here? 从这里到伦敦要多长时间?
B：At least ten hours. 至少要10个小时。
2. 表示某东西有多长。
A：How long is the river? 这条河有多长？
B：About 500 km. 大约500千米。

how often
how often用来提问某动作或状态发生的频率，即问某人在一段时间内做某事做了几次,对频度副词或状语(always，usually， often， never或twice a day, once a week, ,three times a month 等)提问。
【注】用英语表示多少次，除了一次（once）和两次(twice)外, 其他都用基数词+times来表示，三次 “three times”,五次 “five times”。
A：How often does he come here? 他(每隔)多久来一次?
B：Once a month. 每月一次。

how soon
how soon 指再过多久，主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(如：in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问。
A：How soon will he be back? 他要多久才回来?
B：In an hour. 1 小时以后。

how far
how far意思是“多远”，对距离提问时用。
--How far is it from you home to your school ? 从你家到学校有多远呢？
--About two kilometers.大概2千米。

典例精讲：
1. -- ____have you been learn English.
-- I have been learn English for six years.（长沙）
A. How long B. How often C. How far
2. -- ___can you be ready, Andy?（河北）
--In ten minutes.
A How much B How often C How long D How soon

三. 辨析
across、through和over

1. across “横过、穿过”，指从……的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如：
① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河（指从此岸到彼岸）
② Let’s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。
2. through 穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过，含义与in有关。如：
① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。
② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。
3. over“横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时，与across通用。over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳（飞）越，但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across.
① She went across / over the bridge.
② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。
③ She swam across the straight of Dover.她游过了多佛尔海峡。
④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。
另外，over作介词还有“翻过……”的意思，如：climb over the mountain 翻过那座山。
典例精讲：
The post office is just ____ the street.
A. over B. through C. across D. cross

举一反三：
1. I heard that we had to walk_____ three tunnels and _____ two bridges.
A. over B. through C. across D. cross

2. If you ____ the street, you’ll get there.
A. over B. through C. across D. cross
both、either和neither

三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的可用作代词、形容词、连词。
1. 作代词时：both “两者都”. either “两者中任何一个”. neither “两者中任何一个都不”。 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，可作同位语。而either 和 neither 则用单数形式，不可作同位语。如：
① Both of us are teachers.
② Either of you can do it.
③ Neither of the answerws is right. 两个答案都不对。
④ They both skate well. 他们两人都会滑冰。

2. 作形容词时：both 修饰名词的复数形式。Neither 和 either修饰名词的单数形式。如：
① Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长。
② You may use either pencil. 你可用这两支笔中的任何一支。
③ Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。

3. 作连词时： neither 与nor 连用，“既不……也不……”； either 和 or 连用：“或是……或是……” “要么……要么……”连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。而both 却与and 相连。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。如：
① Neither Jack nor I have seen the film. 杰克和我都没看过这影片。
② Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错。
③ Both John and Mike are good at swimming.约翰和麦克都擅长游泳。
典例精讲：
—Which is more useful，biology or chemistry？
—I think _______ them are useful.（广州市）
A. either of B. none of C. both of D. all of

举一反三：
______ Lily ______ Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.（吉林省）
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor
C. Both；and D. Either；or

besides/ but/ except/ beside

1.besides “除了……还有”指的是“已有……另加上”而except 和but “除了……之外没有……”，正好相反。如：
① I don’t care for anything besides this.除此之外，我别无所爱。
② What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV?除了看报和看电视之外，你今天上午还做了些什么。

2. beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。
例：They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the river.他们习惯于在河边的小路上散步。

3. but 作介词用时：“除……之外没有……”与except同意。但它着重在整体，且常用在no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及who, whose等词之后。后常接“名词、代词或不定式，接不定式时，如果其前含有实义动词 do (除作助动词用外)的各种形式，则用动词原形（省略“to”）。如：
① He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。（前有does，故用动词原形laugh.）
② Nobody was late but you. 除你之外，没有人迟到。

4.except 语气比but强且明显。着重在除去的部分。如：
① I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外，我喜欢所有的水果。
② The dress is quite nice except for the color. 除了颜色外，这件衣服很漂亮。

典例精讲:
No one knew Mr Beson's address _______ his daughter.
 A. except    B. excepts     C. only    D. besides

举一反三：
Do you know any other foreign language ______ English?
 A. except    B. but     C. beside     D. besides
四、回顾小结
对于本节课所学的内容你还记得多少？

五、课堂小测
一、单项选择
1. Kate is ________ girl. She's very happy at school.
A．a eighteen-year-old B．an eighteen-year-old
C．an eighteen-years-old D．a eighteen-years-old
2.“I'm looking forward to ________ my parents soon. What about you？”“Me too.”
A．seeing 　　B．see 　　C．saw
3. The ________ are going on a vacation in Beijing，the capital city of China.
A．White B．Whites
C．Mike and Clare D．Clare
4. —________ have you been in Chongqing?
—For five years.
A．How many B．How soon
C．How much D．How long
5. —Hello! Could I speak to Lily?
—Sorry, she is not in. She ________ Shanghai.
A．have been to B．have gone to
C．has been to D．has gone to
二、用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
6．How many ________ (kind) of animals are there in the zoo？
7．Li Ming has invited me __________ (come) to his birthday party.
8．He often helps me __________ (learn) English.
9．I can't afford __________ (buy) a computer.
10．The students stopped ________ (talk) when the teacher came into the classroom.

六、课后作业
一、单项选择
1．—Laura enjoys________ storybooks.—Me, too.
A．reading B．read C．to read D．reads
2．He is very poor, so he can't afford ________ a new house.
A．buy B．buying C．to buy D．bought
3．Do you look forward to ________ this wonderful film again?
A．see B．seen C．saw D．seeing
4．We often ________ the students ________ English.
A．help; learning B．help; learn
C．help; learns D．help; learned
5．Mr King asked all the children ________ English in the classroom.
A．read B．to reading C．to read D．reading
6．We have a________ holiday every National Day.
A．3 days B．3­days C．3­day D．3 day's
7．—Tom, ________ you ever ________ that new film?
—Yes. I ________ it a week ago.
A．have; seen; saw B．have; seen; see
C．do; see; see D．had; seen; saw
8．At times, parents find it difficult ________ with their teenage children.
A．talk B．talked C．talking D．to talk
9．My host family tried to cook ________ for me when I studied in New Zealand.
A．different something B．different anything
C．something different D．nothing different
10．—Mrs Zhang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.
—She said she would never forget some pleasant ________while working there.
A．experiments B．expressions C．experiences D．emotions

二、用所给词的适当形式完成短文，每空一词
I have ________ (take) many photos in Beijing. I ________ (visit) the Great Wall and ________ (meet) many foreigners. We ________ (talk) in English. It ________ (be) very interesting. Then I _______ (go) to the Palace Museum. There I ________ (see) the Beijing Opera. I had never ________ (see) the Beijing Opera before. It was really great. At about twelve o'clock, I ________ (feel) hungry, so I had dinner in a restaurant. I had never ________ (eat) Beijing Duck before. It was delicious.

三、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．I have finished my homework, Mom. May I stop ________________(have) a rest?
2．I am looking forward to ________(visit) the Great Wall this summer holiday.
3．He found it easy ________ (finish) the work.
4．Thank you for inviting me ________________(join) you.
5．Do you like to make friends with ______________(Germany)?

四、根据汉语完成句子
1．你可以编一个关于龙的故事。
You may ________ ________ a story about the dragon.
2．由于大雨，他们停止了踢足球。
Because of the heavy rain, they ________ ________ football.
3．你曾经去过长城吗？
________ you ever ________ to the Great Wall?
4．随着春节的临近，他们开始倒计时并一