1、 语法复习专题四——形容词和副词 一、考点聚焦 1、形容词、副词的作用与位置 形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词,其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记; (1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。 a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high (2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身
2、体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。 (3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。如: I have something important to tell you. (4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。 (5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。 (6)几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:方式→地点→
3、时间。如: We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday. (7)频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后,行为动词前。 (8)副词作定语,定语后置。如: The person there is waiting for you. (9)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+ 描绘性形容词 + size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+ origin(国籍、来源)+ material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+ 名词。如: a heav
4、y black Chinese steel umbrella, the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings (10)以-ly结尾的词性辨析。 ①下列单词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。 ②表愿意(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词: deep深 wide宽广 high高 low位置低 deeply深入地
5、widely广泛地 highly高度地 lowly地位卑微 ③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词: dead完全,绝对be dead asleep deadly非常be deadly tired pretty相当be pretty certain that… prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed close近Don’t sit close. closely密切地Watch closely! late晚、迟arrive late, come late lately最近I haven’t se
6、en him lately(recently). 2、复合形容词的构成 (1)形容词 + 名词 + ed kind-hearted好心的,white-haired白发的 (2)形容词 + 形容词 red-hot炽热的,dark-blue深蓝的 (3)形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking好看的,easy-going随和的 (4)副词 + 现在分词 hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving快速转动的 (5)副词 + 过去分词 hard-won得来不易的,newly-made新建的 (6)名词 + 形容词 life-long终生的,world-fa
7、mous世界闻名的 (7)名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving爱开玩笑的 (8)名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered白雪覆盖的,hand-made手工的 (9)数词 + 名词 + ed four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的 (10)数词 + 名词(名词用单数) ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的 3、形容词和副词的比较等级 (1)原级的构成和用法。 构成:形容词、副词的原级即本身。 用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的
8、结构;表示双方不相等时,用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数 + as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。如: Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu. This building looks not so (as)high as that one. Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you . This room is three times as large as that one. (2)比较级和最高级的构成。 掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则
9、熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。 (3)比较级的用法。 ①对方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如: This picture is more beautiful than that one. ②表示一方不及另一方时,用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如: This room is less beautiful than that one. ③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。如:
10、He works even harder than before. 注意:英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“…一些”或不译出,一般不可有“更”。如: She is better than she was yesterday Please come earlier tomorrow. 另注意:by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。如: He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two
11、 brothers. ④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“the + 比较级(主语 + 谓语),the + 比较级(主语 + 谓语)”的结构(意为“越……越……”)。如: The harder he works, the happier he feels. ⑤不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。如: The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful. ⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。这些词有
12、inferior(劣等的,次的)、superior(较好的,优于……)、junior(资历较浅的)、senior(资格较老的)、prior(在……之前)等。 He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry. ⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。 The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
13、 A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. ⑧倍数表达法。(A)A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍)。(B)A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia i
14、s four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。(C)A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice或double. (4)最高级的用法。 ①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如: Zhang Hua is the ta
15、llest of the three. He works(the)hardest in his class. ②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如: This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest. How much did the secon most expensive
16、 hat cost? ③表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent、extreme、perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。 ④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的词往往省略。如: He is the tallest (boy) in his class. ⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如: Of all the boys he came (the) earliest. (5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。 ①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词,副词最高级前可不加冠词。 ②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词,或不加冠词,不表比较,表示“非常”。如:
17、 He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very) The film is most interesting.(most=very) ③表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the。如: who is the older of the tow boys? ④在“the + 比较级…,the + 比较级…”结构中。 ⑤在same前一般要加the。 ⑥有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。 (6)由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。 ① as much as + 不可数名词数量。 Each s
18、tone weighs as much as fifteen tons. She could earn as much as ten dollars a week. ②as many as + 可数名词数量 多达 I have as a many as sixteen referrence books. ③as early as早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island. ④as far as远到;就……而知(论) We might go as far as (走到)the
19、church and back. As far as I know(就我所知),he has been there before. ⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如 Then you might as well stay with us here. ⑥as … as can be到了最……的程度,极其 They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。 ⑦as … as one can He began to run, as fast as he could. ⑧as … as possible Just
20、 get them to finish up as quickly as possible. (7)几组重要的词语辨析。 ①very 和much的区别。(A)可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。(B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下,以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如:We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I wa
21、s much amused by Jack’s attitude。(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如:very interesting / worrying / exicting。(D)too前用much或far,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外,在too many / much, too few / little前用far。 There’s far too little opportunity for adventue these days.We’ve got far too many eggs and far too f
22、ew egg cups.(E)关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构:(a)修饰绝对意义的形容词,一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如:quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。(b)修饰以a-开头的形容词,多有特殊的修饰词:quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有:be well worth, mu
23、ch the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。 ②so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。 so + 形容词 / 副词 + that … so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that … so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that … such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that … such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that … such + 形容词 + 复数名词
24、 + that … 注意:下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时,如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如:These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的:so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。 ③其他几组词的辨析
25、A)ago、before:ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”;before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。(B)already、yet、still:already表示某事已经发生;yet表示期待某事发生;still表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句。 (C)too、also、either:too和also用于肯定句,too多用于口语,also多用于书面语,either用于否定句。(D)good、well:与good不同的是,well作形容词,只能在系动词后作表语,表示“身体状况好”,也作副词修饰动词。(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表“快
26、fast多指运动的物体,含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然,而且持续的时间较短。(F)real、true:形容词表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定语;true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合,在句中作表语或定语。(G)hard、difficult:均表“困难”,但hard通常指体力上困难;difficult则指智力或技能上的困难,困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。 二、精典名题导解 选择填空 1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.(
27、NMET 2001) A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as 解析:答案为D。本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较as…as句式中,如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时,该冠词须置于形容词之后,即形成“as + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析,不同的是观察视角不同,应注意培养发散思维。 2. It is always diff
28、icult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.(NMET 2000) A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially 解析:答案为D。本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义,结合语境进行分析。A项意为“极端地”;B项意为“自然地”;C项“基本上”;D项“尤其,特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲(它的)语言,在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案。 3. Professor White h
29、as written some short stories, but he is ______known for his plays.(NMET 1998) A. the best B. more C. better D. the most 解析:答案为C。本题考查副词的比较级和最高级。要把握句式之间的联系,抓住句子的隐藏信息,结合语境进行分析。根据句意,句中but后应有一词组be well known for…。同时,应注意到前后两个分句把professor White的短篇小说和戏剧进行了对比,故应用well的比较级。 4.I mu
30、st be getting fat—I can do my trousers up. A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom 解析:答案为D。本题考副词,且继续使用了破折号,对前句解释说明。句中的“do up”指“系上、扣上、包扎上”等意,故全句合理的意思是:我几乎系不上裤子了,(因此)我一定在发胖。B项hardly是“几乎不”的意思,正合题意。 5. The house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years. A.
31、 little white wooden B. little wooden white C. white wooden little D. wooden white little 解析:答案为A。本题考名词前置定事的排序。多个词同时作前置定语时,排列规律一般是:代词性定语+冠/指示/物主/所有格+数词(先序后基)+形容词+国籍/材料/用途形容词或名词或动名词+被修饰的名词,其中数个形容词同时出现时,多用下列顺序:性质+大小+形状+新旧+颜色,有时也要看与名词的密切关系,越密切,越靠近名词。按上文所述,wooden表材料,放在最后,white 表颜色,放在little之后,故选A。 6. That doesn’t sound very frightening, Paul. I’ve seen . What did you like most about the film? A. better B. worse C. best D. worst 解析:答案为B。考查比较级的用法,由句意可知,我还见过比frightening更糟的,故选B。






