外研版九年级英语(上册)语法知识点汇总.doc

. . . .外研版九年级英语上语法汇总一. 现在进行时的用法 现在进行时主要用来表示现在活当前一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。例如：Im watching TV now.例如：Lucy is preparing for the test these days, but now she is playing the piano.现在进行时肯定句的结构：主语+be（am/is/are）+动词的现在分词（-ing）以动词work为例：肯定式I am working.He/she/it is working.We/You/They are working.疑问式Am i working?Is he/She/It working?Are we/you/they working?否定式1,I am not working.2,He/She/It is not(isnt) working.3,We/You/They are not(arent) working.否定疑问式1,Am i not working?2,Is he/she/it not working? 或Isnt he/she/it working?3,Are we/you/they not working? 或 Arent we/you/they working?注意：come，go，leave，arrive，fly，start，begin等动词，可用现在进行时表示将来的概念。例如：The train is leaving in five minutes.二. 一般将来时的用法1. be going to引导的一般将来时be going to表示将要发生的事或打算、计划要做某事，它是一般将来时的一种表达形式，其后常有表示将来的时间状语， 如tomorrow、next week等，形式是：be going to +动词原形。be随着主语人称和数的变化而变化，而going to固定不变，to是不定式符号，后跟动词原形。例如：I am going to study hard this term. 我打算这学期努力学习。She is going to write to him as soon as possible. 她打算尽快给他写信。2. will引导的一般将来时will是助动词，意为“将；将要”，其后要跟动词原形，即“will +动词原形”构成一般将来时，描述从现在来看将要发生的事情或表达对将来的预测等。助动词will可用于各种人称，无人称和数的变化。句子中往往有表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow、next week、in ten years等。肯定句：主语+will+动词原形+其他；否定句：主语+will not/wont +动词原形+其他；一般疑问句：Will+主语+动词原形+其他？ 例如：I will visit my grandparents next weekend. 下周末，我将去拜访我的爷爷奶奶。-Will he pass the exam tomorrow? -Yes, he will. -他将会通过明天的考试吗？-是的，他会的。注意：shall+动词原形，可用于主语为第一人称的一般将来时(英国人的用法)。例如：Where shall we meet tomorrow? 我们明天在哪里会面？Be going to和will 的区别：be going to既可以指主管打算也可以住客观迹象表明将要发生；will往往指没有经过计划，临时出现的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意愿或指将来必然发生的事。例如：I am going to quit my present job.我打算辞去目前的工作。(目前经过思考后的打算，指向将来)I will answer the door.我去开门。(未经事先考虑的意图)The little boy is going to fall over.这个小男孩要摔倒了。(根据客观迹象得出判断)I hope it will be fine tomorrow.我希望明天会好起来。（主观意愿）三，一般现在时的用法（1）概念：表示经常性，习惯性动作；也表示客观真理；用于时间或条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”(主语将来时，从句一般现在时)这一规律。（2）常与下列单词或词组连用：always，usually，often, sometimes，every week (day，year，month)，once a week，on Sundays例：We are always ready to help others.（3）基本结构：主语+is/am/are或do/does(动词原形/动词第三人称单数形式）例：It always snows here at this time.（4）否定形式：谓语动词为be动词时，需改成am/is/are+not；若谓语动词为行为动词，则在其前加dont/doesnt，行为动词恢复原形。例：He doesnt know what to say.（5）一般疑问句：谓语动词为be动词时，需将is/am/are放于句首；若谓语动词为行为动词，需将助动词do/does提至句首，同时行为动词恢复原形。例：Does he know what to say?The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳东升西落。四， 一般过去时的用法（1）概念：表示过去某一段时间所发生的动作和存在的状态。（2）时间状语：ago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week，last(year，night，month)，in 1989，just now，at the age of 5，one day，long long ago，once upon a time，etc。（3）基本结构：主语+be动词的过去形式/行为动词的过去式（4）否定形式：was/were+not；在行为动词前加didnt，同时行为动词恢复原形。（5）一般疑问句：be动词将was或were放于句首；行为动词用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时行为动词恢复原形。例：She often came to see us in those days.He didnt know you were so busy.注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表将来动作。Alina said she would come if I waited for her. 艾琳娜说如果我等她，她会来的。五， 现在完成时（1）概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或存在的状态。（2）时间状语：recently，lately，never，before，for，since，in the past few years，etc。（3）基本结构：have/has + done(动词的过去分词)（4）否定形式：have/has + not +done（5）一般疑问句：把have或has提到句首。例：I have read the book before.Zhengzhou has changed a lot in the past few years.注意：现在完成时表动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时应注意举重的谓语动词应是延续性动作，非延续性动作在肯定句不可和一段时间连用。错误：I have left this school for 8 years. 正确：I have been away from school for 8 years.在否定句中非延续性动词可与一段时间连用。I havent gone to see him for several months.我已经好几个月没去看他了。延续性动词换为延续性动词非延续性动作延续性动作非延续性动作延续性动作BuyHaveFinishBe overBorrowKeepDieBe deadOpenBe openCatch a coldHave a coldCloseBe closedPut onWearBegin/startBe onGet upBe upComeBe hereWake upBe awakeGoBe thereFall asleepBe asleepLoseNot haveJoinBe inLeaveBe awayArrive/reachBeMarry/get marriedBe married一，as soon as引导时间状语从句as soon as引导时间状语从句，从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生，意为“一就”。如果主句用一般将来时或含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时表示将来。当从句中用一般过去时的时候，主句用过去的某种时态。主句将来时as soon as 从句过去时 (主将从现)主句过去时 as soon as 从句过去时例如：I will tell him the good news as soon as he comes back.他一回来，我就会告诉他这个好消息。My father started to read the newspaper as soon as he sat down. 我父亲一坐下就开始看报纸。二，when/while/as引导的时间状语从句1. when意为“当的时候”，当引导从句时，谓语动词可用延续性动词，也可用短暂性动词。从句中的动词可表动作，也可表状态。主语的动作可以与从句的动作时间同时，也可不同时。例：When I was watching TV, my mother came back.2. while意为“在的时候；在期间”，指一个时间段，从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生或主句的动作发生在从句的动作过程中。例：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspapers.3. as意为“当的时候；随着”，从句中的谓语动词可用延续性动词，也可用短暂性动词。强调两个动作同时发生；或某事一发生，另一事立即发生。例：As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.The little girls sang as they danced.异同点when/while/as都是可用在时间状语从句前的连词，意为“当时候”。1.相同点：从句谓语是延续性动词时：when、while和as可以互换。但是多用while。例：Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as/when/whilefather was away in France.2.不同点：三，由连词till/until(not.until)引导的时间状语从句till / until在表达方式和意义上的特殊性：until是till的强调形式，但是它们表达的意义是相同的，都表示“直到某时”。不过，当主句是否定句时，它引出的意思是“直到（某时）（某动作）才（发生）”，这时候常会出现“not until/till”的结构。例如：They didnt notice their mistakes till we pointed them out to them.直到我们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。但是，当主句是肯定句时，它引出的意思是“直到（某时某动作停止了）”。例如：The students made much noise till the teacher came into the classroom.直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。另外，until可以放在句首而till则不行。我们只能说：Until they used up all their money, the young couple were very happy.在他们花光他们所有的钱之前，这对年轻夫妇都很开心。这两个词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：如：I slept until midnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。否定句：如：She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.她直到6点才到。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。四，由连词before/after/as soon as引导的时间状语从句1. before和afterBefore表示在.之前，先于，到.为止，才。before引导的时间状语从句通常表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。before引导的时间状语，当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时例如：Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。after与before，在.之后。当从句表示的动作发生在主句动作之前 ，如果强调从句的动作发生在前，从句谓语要用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时 。例如：He went out for a walk after he had finished the work .他完成这项工作后他出去散步。当从句表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，如不强调动作的先后，主句和从句均用一般过去时。例如：He went to bed after he finished his homework last night .五， 由连词since引导的时间状语从句Since引导的时间状语从句，表示自.以来。主句一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。since表示“自从以来”，作连词可以引导时间状语从句。如：We have known each other since we were children.我们从小认识。Theyve moved twice since they got married.他们结婚后已搬了两次家。这类句子的主句通常用现在完成时。但是，当主句表示一段时间时，可用一般现在时代替现在完成时，Since 从句不可以用否定式。例如：Its a long time since we met last.好久没见面了。How long is it since you came to London?你来伦敦有多久了?It has been 2 years since we last met.自从上次见面以来已经有两年了。一， 结果状语so that引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用can和may等词，而且从内容上看主句和它引导的结果状语从句有因果关系，主句为因，从句为果。如：1. He gets up early so that he can catch the first bus.他起床早为的是能赶上第一班汽车。（表目的，目的状语从句）2. He got up late so that he didnt catch the first bus.他起床晚了以致于他没有赶上第一班车。（表结果，结果状语从句）so.that.和such.that.“如此.以致于.”引导结果状语从句。（1）so +形容词/副词+ that +从句,如：例：This story is so interesting that I want to read it again.这个故事如此有趣以致我想再读一次.例：He spoke so quickly that I couldnt follow him.他说得如此快以致我跟不上他了.（2）so+形容词+ a/an +单数可数名词+ that +从句例：She is so lovely a girl that everyone loves her.她是如此可爱的一个女孩以致每个人都喜欢她。（3）such+ a/ an+形容词+单数可数名词+that+从句以及such+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+that+从句：例：She is such a lovely girl that everyone loves her.她是如此可爱的一个女孩以致每个人都喜欢她。Those are such beautiful flowers that the girl wants to pick them.那些花是如此漂亮以致那个女孩想要摘下它们.注意：so后面跟形容词、副词或由few，little，a little，many，much修饰的名词。例如： He ran so quickly that I couldnt catch up with him他跑得太快，我赶不上他。The box costs so little that I can afford it.这个箱子很便宜，我买得起。二，目的状语从句从句表示的是主句行为的目的从句就叫目的状语从句，常用的连词有：so that（以便），in order that（为了；以便）。从句谓语一般含有may, might, can, could, will, would等表示可能性的情态动词。例：Please speak loudly so that everyone can hear you.注意:在口语中so可以引导目的状语从句。例：Well sit nearer the front so we can hear better.我们坐的靠前一点，因此，我们听得清楚一点。引导目的状语时so that与in order that用法相同，不过so that引导的目的状语从句不能置于句首so that还可以表示结果，意思为“以致于，以便”，也就是说由so that引导的状语从句可以认为是目的状语从句，也可以理解为结果状语从句。区分时关键看从句是否含有情态动词。注意:短语in order to 和so as to表示为了，+动词原形。当从句与主句主语一致时，可用so as to，in order to与目的状语从句互换。He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.=He worked day and night in order to succeed.他日以继夜的工作想要获得成功。We will sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear better=We will sit in the front of the tall so as to/in order to hear better.我们将坐在大厅的前面，以便能听得更清楚。三，引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since等。because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后，because表示直接原因，语气最强，最适合回答why引导的疑问句。since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前，表示已知的、显然的理由。意为“既然”，较为正式，语气比because弱。as引导的原因状语从句表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比since弱，位置较为灵活，常放于主句之前。如：I do it because I like it.Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.As it is raining, youd better take a taxi.注意：1. because不与so连用。正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home.It was raining, so we stayed at home.误：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.2. because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of短语进行转换。because+从句，because of+名词（短语）。如：He cant come because he is ill.=He cant come because of his illness.系动词：表示感官、表象的连系动词(look, feel, smell, sound, taste, seem, appear)形容词在系动词后构成系表结构。常见系动词有：1. be2. 变化系动词：become, get, turn, grow, go 3. 保持系动词：keep, remain, stay4. 感官系动词：look, smell, taste, feel, sound5. 其他：seem, fall, lie, appear等例：1. This shirt feels soft. 这件衬衫摸起来很柔软。2. The egg soup tastes delicious. 这个蛋汤品尝起来美味。3. My sister looks a bit sad. 我妹妹看起来有一点伤心。4. Mr. Li got angry when he knew that his windows were broken.当李先生知道他的窗户坏了的时候，他生气了。When引导的时间状语从句when引导时间状语从句时，表示“当（在）时候”。when相当于at that time或during that time，既指时间点，也可指一段时间，引导的从句可用短暂性动词，也可用延续性动词（后者相当于while）。例：1. Jim came in while/when Kate was watching TV.Kate正在看电视的时候，Jim进来了。2. Jim was reading when the teacher came in.当老师进来的时候，Jim正在读书。补充：while引导时间状语从句时，表示“当（在）时”，强调during that time，while从句中常用延续性动词或表状态的词。注意：while可表示比较，此时前后时态应一致。例：Jim was reading while Kate was watching TV.Kate正在看电视而Jim正在读书。though、although和as引导让步状语从句的连词有though、although和as等。though和although表示“虽然，纵然”之意，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet、still或never、the less连用，但不能与but连用。例：Although/Though he was exhausted, (still) he kept on working.虽然他精疲力尽了，但他仍然坚持工作so.that. “如此以致于”，引导结果状语从句，其引导四种不同的句子结构如下：1. so+形容词+that从句如：It was so cold outside that we had to stop the game.外面天气太冷了，我们不得不停止比赛。2. so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句如：She made so good a meal that we all ate far too much.她做的饭菜那么好吃，结果我们都吃得太多了。3. so+副词+that从句 如：He did so well in the examination that everyone praised him.他考得那么好，人人都称赞他。4. so+many/much/few/little（意为“少量的”）+名词+that从句如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我跌了那么多跤，全身跌得青一块，紫一块的。否定的祈使句表示禁止的结构讲解：在英语表达中，常用No doing! No + n.或者Dont do等句型表达在某些场合“禁止某种行为”，或对某种行为进行劝阻，但并非所有的动词或名词都可以这样表达，常见的搭配如下：由连词if引导的条件状语从句与祈使句的转换由连词if引导的条件状语从句与祈使句的转换If引导的条件状语从句可转换成简单句，变成“祈使句+and/or+简单句”的结构，其中and表示句意顺承，or表示句意转折。例：If you work hard, youll pass the exam.Work hard, and youll pass the exam.如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试。例：If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Hurry up, or youll be late.如果你不快点，你将会迟到特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句连接代词引导的宾语从句宾语从句可由连接代词what、who、whom、whose、which等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。如：Do you know who will come this afternoon?（作主语）你知道今天下午谁会来吗？Did you hear what she said?（作宾语）你听到她说的话了吗？I dont know who you are.（作表语）我不知道你是谁。Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?（作gate的定语）你能告诉我我们要去哪扇大门吗？连接副词引导的宾语从句宾语从句可由连接副词when、where、how、why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。如：We didnt know when she would come back.我们不知道她会什么时候回来。Do you know where he lives now?你知道他现在住在哪里吗？说明：含how的词组也可引导宾语从句。主要有how old、how many、how much、how long、how often、how far等。如：Do you know how old he is?你知道到他多大年纪吗？if引导的条件状语从句1.if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，既可放在主句前面，也可放在主句后面。若if条件句放在句首，从句后面要加逗号与主句隔开。If you go there, Ill go, too.如果你去那儿，我也会去。My mother will take me to the park if she is free.如果我妈妈有空，她就会带我去公园。2.时态运用：在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句为下列情形之一的，条件状语从句通常用一般现在时。(1)主句是一般将来时，即遵循“主将从现”的原则。If he comes, he will bring his violin.如果他来，就会带上他的小提琴。(2)主句是含有情态动词的句子，如may/might/can/must/should。If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread.如果你想减肥，就必须少吃面包。(3)主句是祈使句。If you are not strong enough, please dont take part in such an activity.如果你不是很健壮，请不要参加这种活动。3.句型转换：(1)借助“祈使句+and/or+陈述句（一般将来时）”这一句型来转换。其中，在句意上and表示顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。If you work hard, youll pass the exam easily.=Work hard, and youll pass the exam easily.努力学习，你将很容易通过考试。(2)借助without或with来转换条件状语从句。If there is no water, fish will die.=Fish will die without water.如果没有水，鱼将会死。If you help me, Ill finish the work soon.=With your help, Ill finish the work soon.如果你帮助我，我将很快完成工作。beableto与can均可表示能力，但也有以下区别：1. can只有两种时态，即can和could，而be able to有多种时态，如was/were able to, will/shall be able to, have/has been able to等；I can tell you how to learn English well.我可以告诉你如何把英语学好。I am able to solve this problem on my own.我能自己解决这个问题。I was able to cook.我以前会做饭。I hope that I will be able to play the piano in the future.我希望我将来可以弹钢琴。2.表示通过努力做成某事要用be able to，而不能用can；After months of hard study，she is able to speak English now.经过几个月的努力学习，她现在会说英文了。3.can能表猜测，be able to不能。can的这种用法主要用于疑问句和否定句；It cant be Tom, because he is in Shanghai now.那不可能是Tom，因为他现在在上海。4.can可以表“请求”,与may可以互换；can还可以表示应允，这两种情况都不可用be able to代替。-Can /May I have a sit?我可以坐下吗？-Yes, you may/can.是的，你可以。because引导的原因状语从句because是从属连词，引导原因状语从句，表示直接的原因或理由，常用于回答why引导的疑问句。because引导的原因状语从句可以放在主句前或主句后，但一般放于主句后。I wont go there because I want to do my homework.Because he was ill, he was late for school.because不能与so连用汉语习惯上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将so与because连用。例如：因为下雨，所以我们得呆在家里。正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.误：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.because从句与because of短语的转换because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of短语转换，但because of后接名词、代词、动名词等。例如：He cant come because he is ill. / He cant come because of his illness.他因病不能来。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there.因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。拓展：比较：because，since，as和for的区别：1) because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句的后面，because从句位于句首时要用逗号分开，放在句末时，可不用逗号分开。because表示直接原因，语气最强，最适合回答why引导的疑问句。because of也表示原因，但它后面不接从句,只能接名词，代词或动名词。注意：because和so不可同时出现在一个句子里。2) since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”= now that )，较为正式，语气比because弱。例如：Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.Since you dont trust him, you should not employ him.Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.3) as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，含有对比说明的意味，语气比since弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如：As it is raining, youd better take a t