牛津深圳版八年级上英语知识点归纳.doc

.八年级上英语_知识点归纳_牛津深圳版Chapter 1：Water1.a little, much, no, too much, too little, not enough + 不可数名词2.a few, many, no, too many, too few, not enough, many a + 可数名词3.A lot of, lots of, some, no, not enough, a great deal of + 可数名词或不可数名词4.A little = not much a few = not many5.经常在否定句中用 much, e.g. There is not much water.6.与There be 句型搭配： There are a lot of people in the swimming pool.7.用在特殊疑问句中：How much food is there? How many oranges are there?8. need的用法， 两种词性：A. 情态动词：need do sth./ neednt do sth.B. 实意动词：need to do sth./ dont need to do sth./ need sb to do sth.C. We need water for drinking (表示目的）9. It be + （ very much, quite， rather， a little, ) 形容词 + for sb + to so sth. 对某人而言做某事比较, e.g. Its very important for us to learn English well.10. 由 If 引导的状语从句：主句用将来时态，If从句用一般时态A. 现在时态 We will be thirsty to death if there is no water.B. 过去时态 We would have arrived at home if there was no traffic jam.C. 将来时态 They will go to American if they get their passport and Visa.11. 英语中分数词的表达法：A. 用“基数词序数词”表示: 其中基数词表示分子，序数词表示分母, 分子除用one外，也可用a；如果分子大于1，分母要用复数形式。但是，12不能说a（one）second，而要说a（one）half。e.g. one tenth, a tenth, two fifths, a half, three eighths, a quarter, three quarters, one fourth, three fourths, B. 分数修饰名词时，若该名词是不可数名词只能用单数；若是可数名词，用单数或复数均可。但是，若它们在句子中作主语，则谓语动词是用单数还是复数取决于名词，即与分数所修饰的名词保持一致。例如： Only one-fifth of air consists of oxygen氧气只占空气的15。 About two thirds of the students attend the meeting大约23的学生都参加了会议。 C. 用“基数词介词基数词”表示：借助介词表示分数，介词前的数词是分子，介词后的数词是分母，一般介词用 out of, of, in, to. 例如：Ninety-nine people out of a hundred，if they were asked who first found America, would answer Clumbus如果要问是谁首先发现美洲，一百个人中有九十九个（百分之九十九）将回答是哥伦布。 12. Until一词的用法：A.当谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定形式：You can wait here until help comes. (直到.才）B.当谓语动词时非延续性动词时，用否定形式：She didnt go to bed until her daughter came back. （直到她女儿回来了她才睡觉）C.是否用not要取决于动词时延续性还是非延续性的，即使动词用否定形式，在翻译成汉语的时候都要说成“直到.才.”。D. it was not until.that., 强调句型。It was not until her daughter came back that she went to bed.E.Not until放在句首，句子要倒装：Not until her daughter came back did she go to bed.13.常用短语：Believe it or not, flush the toilet, at least, pour into the sink, waste water, clean up, in the first place.Chapter 2 School newspaper1. suggest用法：建议，暗示，同义词 advise, A.Suggest + doing sth. : She suggests going shopping at weekend.B.Suggest + that ( should ) do sth. He suggested that school should hold a sports event.2.Take charge of = be in charge of , 由.负责；be in the charge of . 某物在某人的掌控之下She takes charge of all books in the library. She is in charge of all books in the library.All books in the library is in the charge of her. 3. ask的用法： ask sb ( not ) to do sth. / ask for help, sth./ ask ab about sth.He asked me to fetch water He asks me about the whether in England.He asks for help.4. how often, 多久.; How often do you take exercise ?5. agree 的用法：A.agree with sb. 同义某人的观点，意见，想法，分析： In my opinion, we should not play computer games frequently. Yes，I totally agree with you.B.Agree to sth. 表示一方提出意见，观点，计划，另一方写作，We agree to their arrangement.C.Agree on/ upon sth: 指双方通过协商而取得一致意见,We agree on the price.D.Agree to do sth.= agree on doing sth. 同意某人做某事 They agree to conclude the meeting soon. (不能用 agree sb to do sth. )6.In one weeks time = one week later 表示在一星期之后，一般用于将来时。7. finish 用法：finish doing sth./ finish sth 完成某事8. take part in & join in & join 的用法：A.Take part in，常指参加某活动，聚会等：She took part in Helens birthday party yesterday.B.Join in, 常指参加某活动，聚会等: Would you like to join in the dancing with us ?C.Join常指参加某团体，组织，军队等：Pupils are proud of joining Young Pioneer.9.Should & ought to ：两者都“应该”，用法基本相同,区别在于：(1) ought to比should 语气强, should 表示主观看法，一些建议，劝说时，译作“应当”。 ought to，直接接动词原形，更多反映客观情况，“有义务”或“必要”做某事，译为“应当，应该” （2）ought to的否定就表示做某事一定是错误的 而should的否定就表示某动作不一定要做。A.I/You/He/She/We/They should + do sth = I/You/He/She/We/They ought to do sthB.I/You/He/She/We/They should not + do sth = I/You/He/She/We/They ought not to do sthC.I/You/He/She/We/They shouldnt do sth = I/You/He/She/We/They oughtnt to do sthe.g She ought to take care of her sister. = She should take care of her sister. You oughtnt to be late for school. You shouldnt be late for school.10.感叹句形式：A.What a/an + 形容词 + 名词+ 主语+ 谓语B.How + 形容词、副词 + 主语 + 谓语e.g. What a beautiful girl she is! = How beautiful girl she is! What an exciting new it is ! = How exciting the new is ! How quickly he ran !11.Hundreds of , thousands of, millions of, billions of. 成百上千，成千上万，成万上亿.12.常用短语：hold a meeting, elect the chief editor, vote for (为.投票），take charge of =be in charge of , ask for, take notes （of ), be responsible for, take over, be free to readers, pay for sth., agree to do sth. Conclude the meeting， bring the meeting to the end, give out newspaper（出版），common sense, put a mark on, write down, at the New Years Party, in all (总共），march around the street, take part in, at the end (of ), in the end, take place, be on fire（着火），be born in（出身于），science fiction film, adventure film, what a shame, congratulations! Well done, you deserve to win. Long time no see. Im sorry but., find out.Chapter 3 Detectives and Crimes1.The + adj.：表示一类人，the old 老人， the young 年轻人， the guilty 有罪之人，当这类词做主语时，谓语动词要用三人称单数形式：e.g. The old always needs to be taken care of.2. protect用法：protect sb from doing sth, 保护某人.不受影响, 相当于 prevent from.阻止某人受.影响。 The government tried best to protect local villagers from being threatened by the flood. The government tried best to prevent local villagers from being threatened by the flood.3.deny用法：deny doing sth. E.g. He denied stealing Lis bag.4. admit用法：admit doing sth. 承认做某事。She admitted taking away her roommates camera.5.非谓语动词（infinitives）：to do & doing两种形式A.refuse, offer , decide, fail, pretend, agree, promise + to do sth.(只能加不定式)B.区别remember to do sth. / doing sth. , Stop to do sth./ stop doing sth., forget to do sth./ forget doing sth., like to do/ like doing, try to do sth/ try doing sth, go on to do sth/ go on doing sth, mean to do sth./ mean doing sth.C.Enjoy, practice, finish, admit, suggest,avoid, deny, forgive, + doing sth.（只能加动名词）D.Begin/start/learn + to do sth = doing sth. 加动名词和不定式意思相近。6.”On + 具体时间”, He went to hospital on May 8th, 2011.7. knock at ones door 敲某人的人8.常用短语：protect the innocent, as well as, find the guilty, alone, lock sth in the safe, report the theft, look for clues, the same as, no longer, not at all, break into ones house (破门而入），go to jail/ go to prison, behind bar (在监狱中），fake money (假钱），in the case of., instead of, short of sth. (缺少东西），play games with sb., share information, bump into.Chapter 4 Computer Technology1.形容词的比较级与最高级：形容词有三种等级：原级、比较级、最高级。 A. 原级：句中只有一者时用原级，其标志词是very, so, too, quite，rather等修饰。 e.g. His handwriting is very good.他的书法很好。 （一个人不作比较。） B. 比较级和最高级构成：1）单音节或少数双音节词一般在原级后加er 构成比较级，加est构成最高级。 e.g. small smaller smallest young younger youngest 2）以不发音的字母e 结尾的形容词，直接加r 或st 构成比较级和最高级。 e.g. Nice nicer nicest late later latest 3）以辅音字母+y 结尾的形容词，变y为i ，再加er 或est, 构成比较级和最高级。 e.g. Busy busier busiest heavy heavier heaviest 4）在重读闭音节中，末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，要先双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est， 构成比较级和最高级。 e.g. hot hotter hottest big bigger biggest 5) 多音节词前加“more”构成比较级，加“most”构成最高级，形容词的最高级前要加the, 副词的最高级前面可省略the。6) 有些词语没有最高级，因为它本身就是最高级，例如：favorate/ favourate.7）个别形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则变化，需个别记忆。 e.g. good (well) better best bad (badly, ill) worse worst many(much) more most Little less least Far father farthest 或 further furthest C. 形容词各级用法归纳:1) 原级（同级）比较：asas; not as(so)as Well give you as much help as we can. She isnt as(so) active in sports as before. 2) 比较级：表示两者之间比 更可用状语much, a little, even等修饰： He made fewer mistakes than I did. He is even richer than I. 3) 最高级：形容词最高级前必须加the, 副词最高级前常省略the，后面多用of， in短语表示范围： It was the most/least interesting story I have ever listened. He is the tallest of the three. 4）如果在两者之间表示“最”时要在比较级前加the，而且还用of the two, of the pair短语： John is the clever of the two boys. Of the two boys, John is the clever. 5) 表示是最中的一个用“ one of the most./形容词的最高级”句型。Yangtz river is one of the longest river all over the world.6) 表示“第几.”用 “ the + 序数词 + 最高级 + 名词单数”：The Yellow river is the second longest river in the world.7) the more., the better 句型：越.越.The more exercise you have taken, the healthier you will be.8) 比较级+ and + 比较级，表示“越来越.”，Drinking water will make you look more and more beautiful.2. prefer 的用法：1) 后接不定式时与rather than 或instead of连用：He preferred to die rather than (to) steal. / He perferred to die instead of stealing. 他宁死也不去偷窃。 2）注意介词搭配，如： I prefer swimming to skating. (I like swimming better than skating.)我喜欢游泳胜过滑冰。prefer 因其本身含有比较之意，而不可再与more 或most连用。 3）prefer名词或动名词“宁愿”，“更喜欢”：He comes from Shanghai, so he prefers rice. 他是上海人，因此更喜欢吃米饭。I prefer going by bike.我宁愿骑单车去。I prefer the white one.我喜欢那个白的。 4）prefer to do “愿意做”。 I prefer to go at once.我愿意马上就走。 5）prefer sb. to do “愿意某人做” I prefer you to go out at once.我倒希望你马上就走。 6）prefer sth to sth./ prefer doing sth. to doing sth.“宁愿做.而不做.”. I prefer tea to milk.我宁愿喝茶也不喝牛奶。I prefer watching TV to going out. 我宁愿看电视也不出去。 7) prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.“宁愿做.而不做.” ,但是不能说prefer sth rather than sthI prefer to watch TV rather than go out.我宁愿呆在家里也不出去。 8) prefer that从句“宁愿”（从句一般用虚拟语气）I prefer that you should do it.我宁愿你做这件事。3.In the 1960s, 意为“在20世纪60年代”4.way的用法：1) the way to do sth. 表示做某事的方法：There are many ways to learn a foreign language well.2) the way of doing sth. 表示做某事的方法：There are many ways of learning a foreign language well.3) on ones way to +地名, 在某人去某地的路上;也可以引申为“在某人做某事，成为。的路上”She was on her way to school when I came across her this afternoon.He has been on his way to a scientist with his diligence and study.4) the way 引导定语从句时，一般用“ that, in which,或者省略I really appreciate the way that you teach me to swim.= I really appreciate the way in which you teach me to swim.= I really appreciate you teach me to swim.5.常用短语：be unaware of sth, dependent on sth, the answer to the question, for the time being (暂时），have understanding of sth, be good at doing sth, raise questions ( 引发问题）, in ones opinion, in reply to the question at the end, link sth together, all over the world, a wide range of, come into existence. Hardly ever ( 难得，几乎不），Chapter 5 Historical Stories1.Tooto句型：太.而不能，与“so.that”句型有相似：e.g. The box is too heavy to carry The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.2.Except for 除了， 表示不包括事物在内In addition to ，apart from, besides, except均表示“除了之外，还有”e.g. She likes all kinds of movies except for the horric.(表示她不喜欢恐怖电影)Except for horric, she likes all kinds of movies. （表示她喜欢恐怖电影）3.Succeed in doing sth. 成功做某事, 反义词：fail to do sth. (做某事不成功)4.定于从句：has/have done sth.A.动词的过去式与过去分词构成：1）一般在动词词尾加ed。E.g. workworked, rainrained, watchwatched2）如果动词以字母e结尾，变过去式时直接在词尾加d。例如：loveloved,livelived,changechanged3）如果动词是以一个元音字母加上一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词，变过去式时，要双写这个辅音字母，再加ed。例如：stopstopped,planplanned,dropdropped4）如果动词是以辅音字母加y结尾，变过去式时要变y为i再加ed。例如：studystudied,carrycarried,trytried5) 一些特殊词汇的过去时与过去分词形式需区别记忆，如下表所示：动词原形过去时过去分词动词原形过去时过去分词常用型A-A-A型dodoesdiddonebroadcastbroadcastbroadcastbewaswerebeencostcostcostgowentgonecutcutcutbecomebecamebecomehurthurthurtspendspentspentletletletmeetmetmetputputputhearheardheardreadreadreadgetgotgotshutshutshutmakemademadehithithitloselostlostsetsetsetseesawseenmustmustmustbeginbeganbegunspreadspreadspreadknowknewknownA-B-Agivegavegivenbecomebecamebecomeeatateeatencomecamecomeforgetforgotforgottenrunranrunbreakbrokebrokencancould could A-B-Bwill would would A- A-oughtaught A-oughtaughtmaymightmightbringbroughtbroughtmustmustmustbuyboughtboughttaketooktakenfightfoughtfoughtbringbroughtbroughtthinkthoughtthoughthurthurthurtcatchcaughtcaughtletletletteachtaughttaughtmakemademadefindfoundfoundreadreadread A- A-d+t A-d+tcomecamecamebuildbuiltbuilt其他lendlentlentsellsoldsoldsendsentsenttelltoldtoldspendspentspentholdheldheld A- A+edt A+edtlaylaidlaidburnburnedburntburnedburntpaypaidpaiddreamdreameddreamtdreameddreamtsaysaidsaidlearnlearnedlearntlearnerlearnthearheardheardsmellsmelledsmeltsmelledsmeltmeanmeantmeantspellspelledspeltspelledspeltstandstoodstood A- A-e A+t-eunderstandunderstoodunderstoodfeelfeltfeltshineshoneshonekeepkeptkeptwinwonwonsleepsleptsleptdigdugdugsweepsweptsweptstickstuckstuckfeedfedfedgetgotgotmeetmetmetmakemademadeA-B-Closelostlost A- A-i变a - a变usitsatsatbeginbeganbegunleadledleddrinkdrankdrunkleaveleftleftringrangrunghanghunghungsingsangsung无规则swimswamswumdodoesdiddone A - B - A+nenbewaswerebeenblowblewblowngowentgonegrowgrewgrownseesawseenknowknewknownflyflewflownthrowthrewthrownlielaylain(躺；平卧)drawdrewdrawnliedlied(说谎)drivedrovedrivenhanghungHung（悬挂）givegavegivenhangedHanged (绞死）riseroserisenshakeshookshakenshowshowedshowneatateeatenfallfellfallenforgetforgotforgottenhidehidhiddenrideroderiddenwritewrotewrittentaketooktaken A - B - B+nenbreakbrokebrokenspeakspokespokenstealstolestolenchoosechosechosenfreezefrozefrozenwakewokewokenwearworewornB. 现在完成时的用法：现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。1) 构成: 肯定句：主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have) 否定式:主语 + havent/hasnt + 过去分词 + 其他。 疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他 ? 简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定) 2) 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: a. 以already, just和yet为标志 ，already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。She has already finished her homework. （ already用在肯定句中）He hasnt finished her homework yet. （yet一般用于否定句或疑问句中）b. 以ever和never为标志，ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。Nancy is the most beautiful girl she has never met before. （Never用于陈述句表否定）Have you ever visited Shenzhen? (even一般用于肯定句或疑问句)