浅析3D打印技术毕业论文.doc

浅析3D打印技术

浅析3D打印技术
摘要：3D打印技术是一种新兴的快速成型技术，近一段时间以来受到了社会的广泛关注。本文对3D打印的技术、优势、应用领域和局限性做了综合的介绍。3D打印技术作为快速成型领域的一种新兴技术，已成为可预见未来的核心技术革命之一。近一段时间，3D打印技术吸引了国内外新闻媒体和社会公众的热切关注的同时也有其局限性。
关键词：3D打印技术 优势 局限性

一、3D打印技术介绍
打印技术，是一种以数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。3D打印机则出现在上世纪90年代中期，即一种利用光固化和纸层叠等技术的快速成型装置。它与普通打印机工作原理基本相同，打印机内装有液体或粉末等“印材料”，与电脑连接后，通过电脑控制把“打印材料”一层层叠加起来，最终把计算机上的蓝图变成实物。如今这一技术在多个领域得到应用，人们用它来制造服装、建筑模型、汽车、巧克力甜品等。3D打印过程可分为两步，首先在需要成型的区域喷洒特殊的胶水，然后均匀喷洒粉末，粉末遇到胶水会迅速固化黏结，没有胶水的区域仍保持松散状态，重复这一过程直到实体模型被“打印”成型。由于其分层加工的过程与喷墨打印机十分相似，所以被称为“打印机”。
二、3D打印技术的优势：
制造快：D打印机技术是并行工程中进行复杂原型或者零件制造的有效手段，能使产品设计和模具生产同步进行，从而提高企业研发效率，缩短产品设计周期，极大的降低了新品开发的成本及风险，对于外形尺寸较小，异形的产品尤其适用。
CAD/CAM 技术的集成：设计制造一体化一直来说是现在的一个难点，计算机辅助工艺(CAPP)在现阶段由于还无法与CAD、CAM完全的无缝对接，这也是制约制造业信息化一直以来的难点之一，而快速成型技术集成CAD、CAM、激光技术、数控技术、化工、材料工程等多项技术，使得设计制造一体化的概念完美实现。
完全再现三维效果：经过快速成型制造完成的零部件，完全真实的再现三维造型，无论外表面的异面还是内腔的异形孔，都可以真实准确的完成造型，基本上不再需要再借助外部设备进行修复。
材料种类繁多：到目前为止，各类3D 打印机设备上所使用的材料种类有很多，树脂、尼龙、塑料、石、纸以及金属或陶瓷的粉末，基本上满足了绝大多数产品对材料的机械性能需求。
创造显著的经济效益：与传统机械加工方式比较，开发成本上节约10 倍以上，同样，快速成型技术缩了企业的产品开发周期，使的在新品开发过程中出现反复修改设计方案的问题大大减少，也基本上消除修改模具的问题，创造的经济效益是显而易见的。
应用行业领域广： 3D 打印机技术经过这些年的发展，技术上已基本上形成了一套体系，同样，可应用的行业也逐渐扩大，从产品设计到模具设计与制造，材料工程、医学研究、文化艺术、建筑工程等等都渐的使用3D 打印机技术，使得3D 打印机技术有着广阔的前景。
三、3D 打印机技术的市场应用领域
目前，3D 打印技术已在工业造型、机械制造、航空航天、军事、建筑、影视、家电、轻工、医学、考古、文化艺术、雕刻、首饰等领域都得到了广泛应用。
产品设计领域:在新产品造型设计过程中的应用3D 打印技术为工业产品的设计开发人员建立了一种崭新的产品开发模式。运用3D 打印技术能够快速、直接、精确地将设计思想转化为具有一定功能的实物模型(样件)，这不仅缩短了开发周期，而且降低了开发费用，也使企业在激烈的市场竞争中占有先机。
建筑设计领域：建筑模型的传统制作方式，渐渐无法满足高端设计项目的要全数字还原不失真的立体示和风洞及相关测试的标准，现如今众多设计机构的大型设施或场馆都利用3D 打印技术先期构建精确建筑模型来进行效果展示与相关测试，3D 打印技术所发挥的优势和无可比的逼真效果为设计师所认同。
机械制造领域：由于3D 打印技术自身的特点，使得其在机械制造领域内，获得广泛的应用，多用于制造单件、小批量金属零件的制造。有些特殊复杂制件，由于只需单件生产，或少于50件的小批量，一般均可用3D 打印技术直接进行成型，成本低，周期短。
模具制造领域：例如玩具制作等传统的模具制造领域，往往模具生产时间长，成本高。将3D打印技术与传统的模具制造技术相结合，可以大大缩短模具制造的开发周期，提高生产率，是解决模具设计与制造薄弱环节的有效途径。3D 打印技术在模具制造方面的应用可分为直接制模和间接制模两种，直接制模是指采用3D打印技术直接堆积制造出模具，间接制模是先制出快速成型零件，再由零件复制得到所需要的模具。
医学领域：在医学领域的应用近几年来，人们对3D 打印技术在医学领域的应用研究较多。以医学影像数据为基础，利用3D 打印技术制作人体器官模型，对外科手术有极大的应用价值。
文化艺术领域：在文化艺术领域的应用，3D 打印技术多用于艺术创作、文物复制、数字雕塑等。
航天技术领域：在航空航天领域中，空气动力学地面模拟实验(即风洞实验)是设计性能先进的天地往返系统(即航天飞机)所必不可少的重要环节。该实验中所用的模型形状复杂、精度要求高、又具有流线型特性，采用3D 打印技术，根据CAD 模型，由3D 打印设备自动完成实体模型，能够很好的保证模型质量。
家电领域：3D 打印技术在国内的家电行业上得到了很大程度的普及与应用，使许多家电企业走在了国内前列。如：广东的美的、华宝、科龙；江苏的春兰、小天鹅；青岛的海尔等，都先后采用3D打印技术来开发新产品，收到了很好的效果。
四、3D打印的局限
从飞机零件到假牙，再到步枪和房子，3D打印的每项新应用均引起人们的惊叹，3D打印的概念也随之变得愈发热门。不过，多位业内专家却一致强调，3D打印并非无所不能的“神技”。3D打印更适合制造快速成型的产品，比如一些精巧的工艺品，如果是手工雕刻，往往要消耗大量时间，而用3D打印的话，几个小时就能搞定。而涉及到人工处理，加入精密和不确定性等因素的时候，3D打印技术则很难胜任。比如打印瑞士手表这样的产品就比较难。这不仅涉及到仪器精密的问题，而且人的创造性在里面也要起作用。
3D打印出来的东西毋庸置疑是逼真的，但任何一个产品都应该具有功能性，而如今由于受材料等因素限制，通过3D打印制造出来的产品在实用性上要打一个问号。一个典型的例子是，去年12月，美国一个名为“分布式防御”的组织在YouTube上发布了一段视频。视频中，该组织对一把由3D打印出的下机匣部件（下机匣用于连接枪管、枪柄、弹匣及其他部件，是受美国政府严格管制的枪支部件）组装而成的AR-15半自动步枪进行了实弹测试，但只发射了6颗子弹，步枪就发生了断裂。而对于人们津津乐道的打印飞机和汽车，其实严格来讲，3D打印制造的只是飞机和汽车的外壳及零部件，至于飞机和汽车中的精密仪器，如集成电路，显然是用目前的3D打印技术难以实现的。即使是用于生产机械化的产品，3D打印想要颠覆传统制造业也并非易事。
3D打印技术不会对传统的车间、数字机床产生太大的冲击。3D打印技术在目前来看，最适合用于新产品的开发。而从制造角度来看，它并不是最合适的。现在大多数的3D打印技术精度还达不到传统制造的程度，也很难实现传统制造方式的大批量、低成本制造。
用3D打印技术为汽车公司制造自动变速箱的壳体。如果按照传统方式生产，仅开模具的花费就很大，并且周期长，而采用3D打印技术，很快就能拿到模具，价格相对低廉，性能也能达到设计预期要求。不过真正在市场上销售的车，变速箱并不是用这个方法做的。汽车公司会对变速箱进行各种极端状况下的测试，其中一些零件就是用3D打印方法做的。定型了以后，再开模具，然后按照传统制造方法批量生产，这样成本就会大大降低。
3D打印适用于制造难加工的贵重材料，以及用传统制造方法浪费大、甚至根本做不出来的复杂形状。在大批量生产方面，则还须依靠传统制造。

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（英文版 ）
Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department
The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revis