1、在英语中,共有10大词类,它们是:名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。一、名词1、什么叫名词?名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:mother妈妈 panda熊猫 library图书馆 pencil 铅笔 wish愿望2、名词分类(1)专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如:Mr. Green格林先生 the Spring Festival春节 the Great Wall长城 Britain英国提示:关于单词首字母大写1、句首的第一个单词的首字母要大写,Today is Thursday.2、人名:姓和名两个单词第一个字母都大写,Mr. Ye, Mrs.
2、Zhang3、称呼、头衔的第一个字母要大写,Doctor Wang, Chairman Mao4、国家、地名等专有名词第一个字母要大写,Australia, Wuhan, Zhejiang, Wenzhou5、月份、星期几、节假日每个单词的第一个字母都要大写.March, Tuesday, National Day, Labour Day 6、语言名称要大写.Chinese, Japanese7、文章标题的每个实词的第一个字母应大写,但不包括of, in, and这样的介词、连词,My Mother School in Cangnan.8、特殊简称如FBI(Federal Bureau of
3、Investigation美国联邦调查局)WTO(World Trade Organization世界贸易组织)等字母都大写.(2)普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词,如:radio(广播),watch(手表);集体名词,如:class(班级),people(人民);物质名词,如:milk(牛奶)water(水);抽象名词,如:work(工作),health(健康)。普通名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的,有单数和复数两种形式。如:a apple一个苹果 two bananas两
4、只香蕉不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的,不分单、复数;抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如:milk牛奶,ice冰,water水,rice大米,juice橘汁提示:有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但中文意思就不同了。如:fish(可数鱼类;不可数鱼肉),chicken(可数小鸡;不可数鸡肉),people(可数民族,不可数人)3、可数名词变复数分类变法例词一般情况加-sgirl-girls book -books以s/sh/x/ch 结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watches以“辅音字母+ y结尾的词变y 为 i再加esfamil
5、y-familiesstrawberry-strawberries以 f或 fe结尾的词变f 或fe 为 v再加eshalf-halves wife-wives knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thievesloaf-loaves以o结尾的词加es 或sphoto-photos piano-pianosradio-radioszoo-zoos tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes但是有些名词变复数形式是不规则的,必须死记,如:man-men,woman-women,foo
6、t-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,child-children,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,fish-fish名词(国家)形容词名词(国家的人,单数)名词(国家的人,复数)中国China中国的,中国人的Chinese中国人(单)Chinese中国人(复)Chinese美国America美国的,美国人的American美国人(单)American美国人(复)Americans日本Japan日本的,日本人的Japanese日本人(单)Japanese日本人(复)Japanese英国England英国的,英国人的English英国人(
7、单)Englishman英国人(复)Englishmen俄罗斯Russia俄罗斯的,俄罗斯人的Russian俄罗斯人(单)Russian俄罗斯人(复)Russians法国France法国的,法国人的French法国人(单)Frenchman法国人(复)Frenchmen德国Germany德国的,德国人的German德国人(单)German德国人(复)Germans印度India印度的,印度人的Indian印度人(单)Indian印度人(复)Indians澳大利亚Australia澳大利亚的,澳大利亚人的Australian澳大利亚人(单)Australian澳大利亚人(单)Australian
8、s加拿大Canada加拿大的,加拿大人的Canadian加拿大人(单)Canadian加拿大人(复)Canadians4、如何表示不可数名词的数量?不可数名词没有单、复数的区别,是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词(简称量词,如一杯水的“杯”,一袋米的“袋”,一瓶牛奶的“瓶”等)来修饰的,这时我们可以用“a/数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词”的形式。如: a glass of water 一杯水 two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶 five bags of rice 五袋大米提示:这种形式也可以用于可数名词,但可数名词必须用复数形式。“a/数词 + 量词 + of + 可数名词
9、”的格式也对,如:a basket of apples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿5、什么是名词所有格?名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格,意为“的”,一般在名词后加是s。如Grandmas house 奶奶的房子 my teachers car 我老师的车(1)如果名词代表的事物是有生命的,那么其所有格有以下几种形式:分类构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加 sNancys motherthe boys tabletodays newspaper以s或es结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加 the teachers booksfive minutes
10、walkten hours drive特殊复数名词(不以s或 es结尾)在名词末尾加 sChildrens DayWomens Day表示两者或多者共同拥有的在最后一个名词的末尾加 sJim and Kates mother(吉姆和凯特的妈妈)表示两者或多者各自拥有的在每个名词的词尾都加 sJims and Kates mothers(吉姆的妈妈和凯特的妈妈)(2)如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的,常与of组成短语来表示其所有格,表示前者属于后者,格式为“A of B”翻译为“B的A”。当然,of也可以表示有生命的所属关系。It s a map of China这是一张中国地图。意思就是这是一张
11、中国的地图。the window of the room 房间的窗户the title of the passage 那篇文章的标题A story of the hero 那个英雄的故事。二、动词动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时,要受到主语的限制,与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能,可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。1、实义动词(1)实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词,即表示动作的动词,能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词不能单独使用,后面必须跟宾语,并且是直接跟宾语
12、;不及物动词可以单独使用,可以后面什么都不跟,也可以跟副词来修饰它,如果要跟宾语,就必须加介词。正:We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。误:He is looking me. 正:He is looking at me. 他正在看着我。误:He is listening the teacher carefully. 正:He is listening carefully. 他正在认真听。正:He is listening to the teacher carefully. 他正在认真听老师讲课。 提示:英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物
13、动词,如begin, vt.: Lets begin the class!vi.: She begins to cry when she heard the news.leave, vt.: Please leave some bread for me, thank you!vi.: He will leave for Zhejiang tomorrow.ask, vt.: Mr. Smith, can I ask you a question?vi.: Miss. William is asking for you now. (2)实义动词的基本形式有动词原形(do)、第三人称单数形式(do
14、es)、过去式(did)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)五种形式。2、系动词(1)系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词,不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语。(2)系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表语(名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句)和其主语联系在一起,以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。(3)常见系动词1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: My uncle is a policeman. 我叔叔是一名警察。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, r
15、emain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, sound例如: He looked angry/sad/happy. 他看起来很生气/难过/高兴。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。It
16、sounds good. 听起来不错。The apples taste very good.5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。He became mad after the accident happened. 自那之后,他疯了。 She becomes rich when she got her own company. 她自己开公司以后就变得富裕起来。Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有pr
17、ove, turn out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)3、助动词(1)助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词,本身没有词义,不可单独使用。最常用的助动词有:do, will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better4、情态动词(1)情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词
18、义,但要与普通动词一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化,其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。主要的情态动词有:can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might)可做情态动词又可做实义动词:如:need,will,dare具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to,ought toS
19、he can swim fast, but I cant. You must stay here until I come back.(2)常见情态动词的用法can表示能力,意为“会,能”。表示客观可能性或推测时,用于否定句和疑问句;She can sing English songs. 她能唱英语歌。The dog cant swim.Can /May(可以) I borrow your bike?may表示许可,用于陈述句;表示正式的请求或许可,用于一般疑问句。回答may 提出的问题,肯定形式为:Yes, please./Yes,certainly./Yes,you may. 否定形式为:
20、No, you cant./No, you mustnt.You may go out to play basketball now.-May I smoke here?-Yes,you may./No you mustnt.must指客观可能性或猜测时,意为“一定”;表示“应当,必须”时,其否定形式为mustnt 意为“不能,不可以,不允许”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句,肯定形式为: Yes ,主语+must ;否定形式为:No,主语 +neednt/dont have to。It must (表肯定)be Nancys book.Her name is on the cover.You
21、 mustnt (千万别) play football in the street.-Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?-Yes, you must. / No, you neednt/dont have to.Need意为需要的意思一、作情态动词 1need作情态动词无人称或数的变化, 后接动词原形,多用于否定句和疑问句中。如:You neednt worry.你不必担心。 2由need引出的一般疑问句,肯定回答常用must或have to;否定答语常用neednt. 如:Need I answer the question? 我需要回答那个问题吗? Y
22、es, you must./Yes, you have to.是的,你必须回答。/是的,你得回答No, you neednt.不,不必了。 3由must引出的一般疑问句,肯定回答用must,否定答语用neednt或dont have to。如:Must I do the work now? 我必须现在干这个活吗? Yes, you must /have to.是的,你必须做。No, you neednt /dont have to. 不,你现在不必做。 二、作行为动词 need 作为行为动词有人称和数的变化, 后面可接名词、代词、动名词及带to 的动词不定式;可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中,如
23、:She needs help.她需要帮助。I dont need to see the doctor.我不需要看病。Do you need to go at once? 你需要马上走吗? Yes, I do.是的,我得马上去。 No, I dont.不,不用马上走。ought to意为“应该”,是情态动词,没有人称和数的变化,后接动词不定式。一、ought to具体用法如下:1. (表示义务、责任等) 应当, 应该You ought to work harder than that.2. (表示劝告、建议等) 应该, 该You dont look well. You ought to go
24、to see the doctor.3. (表示猜测、期望) 总应该,理应It ought to be a fine day tomorrow morning.4. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做You ought to have told me that (but you didnt).这时ought to和should可以互换使用。【考例】 Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having to
25、ld【点拨】 答案为A。ought not to have done表示“本不应该做某事”。句意:汤姆本不应该告诉我你的秘密,但他不是刻意要伤害你。二、ought to的否定式和疑问式1. ought to的否定形式是ought后直接加not构成,其否定形式可缩写为oughtnt。One ought not (oughtnt) to cross the street against the red light.2. ought to的疑问式是将ought提到句首构成。Ought we to do it at once? Yes, you ought to.在反意疑问句里,下面两种形式都可以:H
26、e ought to be here now, shouldnt (oughtnt) he?dare1) dare用作实义动词,此时其后的动词不定式可带to也可不带to,且dare有人称和数以及时态的变化。例如: I dare to jump down from the top of the wall. 我敢从那墙头上跳下来。 She doesnt dare (to) meet her teachers eyes. 她不敢与老师对视。 2) dare用作情态动词,后跟动词原形,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。例如: How dare she do things like that to me
27、? 她怎么敢对我做那种事? -Dare you catch the mouse? 你敢去抓那只老鼠吗? -I darent do that. 我不敢抓。 If you dare say that to our teacher, I would vote for you. 如果你敢向我们的老师说那件事,我就投你一票。Shall表:“应该”将来时,用于第一人称: I shall be back in a minute.用来表示征求意见: Shall I go with you?用在第二、三人称,表示命令,警告,允诺等。He shall answer for it!should表:“应该”You s
28、hould be responsible for yourself.表猜测It should be true. 大概有70-80%的把握。should have done本应做某事,语气中有责备。You should have come here earlier.你本来应该早点到的。will/would都表示将要做某事will/would + do sth.注意:(1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。Would you like to go with me?(2)Will you?Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求
29、劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。Would you like some cake?(3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, wont you是一种委婉语气。Wont you sit down?三、形容词1.什么是形容词?形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词,以说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的一类词。Jane is a beautiful girl. Is there anything wrong with your MP4?2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的?几个形容词连用时,如何排序?(1)形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,系动词和不定代词之后。She is a good
30、 girl. I am tall and thin. There is something important to tell her. 提示:1.有的形容词只能作表语,如:afraid害怕 ,alone 独自的,asleep睡着的,awake醒着的,alive活着的,well健康的,ill病的2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西,谓语动词用复数。The Chinese have long history. We should help the old(1) 多个形容词修饰名词时,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后.She bought herself a new silk ski
31、rt.I have long straight golden hair.提示:多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时,其顺序是:限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)+描绘词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色)+出处+材料性质+类别+名词3.什么是形容词的比较级?绝大多数形容词有三种形式:原级、比较级和最高级。Liu Hai is as tall as me. (tall是原级)It is warmer today than it was yesterday. (warmer是比较级)She is the best student in her class. (best是最高级)4.形容词比
32、较等级的构成规则是什么?(见八年级上语法附录)5.形容词比较等级的几种用法(1)形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较,常用的有两种结构:肯定结构:as +形容词的原级 + as ,意为“和一样”。She is as careful as her mother.否定结构:not as /so +形容词的原级+as ,意为“不如”。This dish is not as nice as that one.(2)形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,常用的有四种结构:1、“比较级+than” ,表示“比”。 This film is more interesting than that one.2、
33、“比较级and比较级”,表示“越来越”。 My sister is getting taller and taller.3、“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”,表示“越越”。 The more, the better. The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.4、“the + 比较级 + of the two”,表示“两者中较的一个”。 Tom is the cleverer of the twins.提示:比较级前可以加表示程度的副词 much ,even, a little等来修饰。He is much
34、stronger than Mike.Im a little taller than him.He did very well, but she did even better than him.(3)形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较,“the + 最高级 + 名词+of/in”结构,意为“中最的”。He is the busiest boy in our class.Yao Ming is one of the most famous basketball players in NBA.提示:形容词的最高级前要加 the,但如果形容词的最高级前有物主代词时,不需要加 the。
35、 如:Today is my happiest day. 这是我最开心的一天。He is my best friend. 他是我最好的朋友。This is the best student in our class. 这是我们班最好的学生。注意:常见形容词的反义词bad-good better-worst best-worst big-small beautiful-ugly black-white busyfree cheap-expensive cleandirty clever-foolish cloudy-sunny coolwarm cold-hot dangerous-safe d
36、ark-bright dry-wet early-late easyhard/difficult east-west south-north far-near sunny-rainy first-last happy-unhappy/sad hard-soft ill-fine/well sick-healthy light-heavy more-less most-least old-new oldyoung poorrich quiet-noisy samedifferent short-long short-tall slow-quick small-big/large/huge str
37、ong-weak thin-fat thin-thick形容词和副词比较级和最高级的变形(重点!)1、一般单音节词末尾加er和est,如:强壮的:strong stronger strongest 伟大的:great greater greatest年轻的:young younger youngest很少的:few fewer fewest难的: hard harder hardest 很快的:fast faster fastest 2、单音节词如果以e结尾,只加r和est,如:陌生的:strange stranger strangest 友好的:nice nicer nicest宽的: wi
38、de wider widest晚的: late later latest3、闭音节单音节词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写这个辅音字母,再加er和est,如:大的:big bigger biggest红的:red redder reddest胖的:fat fatter fattest瘦的:thin thinner thinnest苗条的:slim slimmer slimmest湿的:wet wetter wettest热的:hot hotter hottest难过的:sad sadder saddest 4、少数以y,er,ure,ow,ble结尾的双音节词,末尾加er和est。(注意:以
39、y结尾的词,如y前是辅音字母,把y变成i,再加er和est)生气的:angry angrier angriest 早的: early earlier earliest 滑稽的:funny funnier funnest聪明的:clever cleverer cleverest 狭窄的:narrow narrower narrowest 高贵的:noble nobler noblest 5、其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most。不同的:different more different most different 有趣的:interesting more interesting
40、most interesting昂贵的:experience more experience most experience漂亮的:beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 重要的:important more important most important流行的:popular more popular most popular6、特殊单词的比较级和最高级(死记!)好的:good/ well better best坏的:bad worse worst生病的:ill worse worst 很多的:many/much more most 很少的:litt
41、le/few less least 远的: far farther/ furtherfarthest/ furthest四、副词1.什么是副词?副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的词,以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。We should listen to our teachers carefully. In spring, I can see flowers everywhere. 2.副词的种类有哪些?(1)方式副词,如quickly, neatly, happily(2)地点、方位副词,如here, away, outside, west(3)时间副词,如yesterday,
42、already, just, now, before, later, often, sometimes(4)强调副词,very, too, even, only,4.副词在句中的位置和排列顺序 (1)时间、地点副词,小在前,大在后。He comes from New York, America.(2)方式副词,短在前,长在后。Please write slowly and carefully.(3)方式+地点+时间The old woman runs very slowly along the river at 6:00 every morning.4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。
43、5.常见副词的区别:(1)very, much, very muchVery用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;very much用于修饰动词。John is very good.This garden is much bigger than that one.I love music very much (2)so, suchso修饰形容词或副词;such修饰名词。My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him.He is such a boy.so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词,其结构是“so+形容词+a/
44、an+可数名词单数”;such可修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词,名词前可以有形容词作定语,其结构是“such+(a/an)+形容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词”。He is so clever a boy. = He is such a clever boy.It is such cold weather.They are such good students.提示:如果可数名词复数前有many, few或不可数名词前有much,little修饰,用so不用such。(3)also, too, as well, eitheralso, too, as well,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前,too, as well用于句末;either用于否定句末。My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher.= My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.= My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher, too.I cant speak French.
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