专业英语翻译第一章.doc

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班级：1002班
学号：2010118010209
姓名：王定瑞

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals
第1部分的电气工程基础
第1章电路原理
1.1 Electrostatic Charges
1.1 静电荷
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注：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译 1~7面
班级：1002班
学号：2010118010209
姓名：王定瑞

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals
第1部分的电气工程基础
第1章电路原理
1.1 Electrostatic Charges
1.1 静电荷
Protons and electrons are parts of atoms that make up all things in our world. The positive charge of a proton is similar to the negative charge of an electron. However, a positive charge is the opposite of a negative charge. These charges are called electrostatic charges. Each charged particle is surrounded by an electrostatic field.
质子和电子部件的原子构成一切事物在我们的世界。正电荷的质子是类似于负电荷的电子。然而,一个正电荷的反面是一个负电荷。这些指控被称为静电荷。每个带电粒子周围是一个静电场。
The effect that electrostatic charges have on each other is very important. They either repel (move away) or attract (come together) each other. It is said that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
这个效应,静电指控对方是非常重要的。他们要么排斥(离开)或吸引(一起)每个其他。据说,同种电荷排斥和异种电荷吸引。
The atoms of some materials can be made to gain or lose electrons. The material then becomes charged. One way to do this is to rub a glass rod with a piece of silk cloth. The glass rod loses electrons ( - ) , so it now has a positive ( + ) charge. The silk cloth pulls electrons ( - ) away from the glass. Since the silk cloth gains new electrons, it now has a negative ( - ) charge. Another way to charge a material is to rub a rubber rod with fur.
原子的一些材料可以获得或失去电子。材料然后变成带电。一个办法是摩擦玻璃棒用一块丝绸。玻璃棒失去电子(-),所以它现在有了一个积极的(+)费用。丝绸布拉电子(-)远离玻璃。因为丝绸布获得新电子,现在有一个负(-)费用。另一种方式收取材料是磨橡胶棒带毛皮。
It is also possible to charge other materials because some materials are charged when they are brought close to another charged object. If a charged rubber rod is touched against another material, the second material may become charged. 2 Remember that materials are charged due to the movement of electrons and protons. Also, remember that when an atom loses electrons ( - ), it becomes positive ( + ). These facts are very important in the study of electronics.
也有可能收取其他材料,因为一些材料费用当他们带来了接近另一个带电物体。如果一个带电橡胶棒是感动与另一个材料,第二材料可能成为带电。2记住材料被指控由于电子和质子的运动。同时,也要记住,当一个原子失去电子(-),它成为积极的(+)。这些事实是非常重要的在学习电子产品。
Charged materials affect each other due to lines of force. These imaginary lines cannot be seen. However, they exert a force in all directions around a charged material. Their force is similar to the force of gravity around the earth. This force is called a gravitational field.
带电材料互相影响由于力线。这些假想的线不能被看到。然而,他们施加一个力向四面八方围绕一个带电材料。他们的力量是类似于重力围绕地球。这个力称为引力场。

Most people have observed the effect of static electricity. Whenever objects become charged, it is due to static electricity. A common example of static electricity is lightning. Lightning is caused by a difference in charge ( + and - ) between the earth's surface and the clouds during a storm. The arc produced by lightning is the movement of charges between the earth and the clouds. Another common effect of static electricity is being "shocked" by a doorknob after Walking across a carpeted floor. Static electricity also causes clothes taken from a dryer to cling together and hair to stick to a comb.
大多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电,这是由于静电。一个常见的例子,静电是闪电。闪电是由一个不同的电荷(+,-)在地球表面和云在风暴。电弧产生的闪电是运动和地球之间的指控的云。另一个常见的效应的静电被“震惊”,一个门把手走在铺着地毯的地板。静电也导致衣服是从一个干燥机抱在一起,头发坚持一个梳
Electrical charges are used to filter dust and soot in devices called electrostatic filters. Electrostatic precipitators are used in power plants to filter the exhaust gas that goes into the air. Static electricity is also used in the manufacture of sandpaper and in the spray painting of automobiles. A device called an electroscope is used to detect a negative or positive charge.
大多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电,这是由于静电。一个常见的例子,静电是闪电。闪电是由一个不同的电荷(+,-)在地球表面和电荷是用来过滤灰尘和烟尘在设备称为静电过滤器。静电除尘器用于发电厂来过滤废气,进入空气。静电也用于制造砂纸和喷漆的汽车。了一种叫做验电器是用来检测一个消极或积极的电荷。

1.2 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
1.2.1 Conductors
1.2导体、绝缘体和半导体
1.2.1导体
A material through which current flows is called a conductor. A conductor passes electric current very easily. Copper and aluminum wire are commonly used as conductors. Conductors are said to have low resistance to electrical current flow. Conductors usually have three or fewer electrons in the outer orbit of their atoms. Remember that the electrons of an atom orbit around the nucleus. Many metals are electrical conductors. Each metal has a different ability to conduct electric current. Materials with only one outer orbit or valence electron (gold, silver, copper) are the best conductors. For example, silver is a better conductor than copper, but it is too expensive to use in large amounts. Aluminum does not conduct electrical current as well as copper, but it is commonly used, since it is cheaper and lighter than other conductors. Copper is used more than any other conductor.
一个材料电流流经它叫做导体。一个导体通过电流很容易。铜和铝丝通常用作导体。导体是低电阻对电流流动。通常有三个或更少的导体中电子的原子外层轨道。记住,一个原子的电子绕原子核。许多金属电导体。每种金属都有不同的能力进行电流。材料只有一个外轨道或价电子(金,银,铜)是最好的导体。例如,银是一种更好的导体比铜、但它太贵了在大量使用。铝不进行电流以及铜,但它是常用的,因为它是更便宜和更轻的比其他导体。铜是使用比其他任何导体。

1.2.2 Insulators
1.2.2绝缘体
There are some materials that do not allow electric current to flow easily. The electrons of insulation materials are difficult to release. In some insulators, their valence shells are filled with eight electrons. The valence shells of others are over half-filled with electrons. The atoms of insulation materials are said to be stable. Insulators have high resistance to the movement of electric current. Some examples of insulators are plastic and rubber.
有一些材料,不允许电流流动很容易。电子绝缘材料难以释放。在某些绝缘体,他们的价壳层充满了八个电子。别人的价壳层是装在与电子。原子的绝缘材料是稳定的。绝缘体有高阻流动的电流。一些例子是塑料和橡胶的绝缘体。
1.2.3 Semiconductors
1.2.3 导体
Materials called semiconductors have become very important in electronics. Semiconductor materials are neither conductors nor insulators. Their classification also depends on the number of electrons their atoms have in their valence shells. Semiconductors have 4 electrons in their valence shells. Remember that conductors have outer orbits less than half-filled and insulators ordinarily have outer orbits more than half-filled. Some common types of semiconductor materials are silicon, germanium, and selenium.
材料称为半导体已经成为非常重要的电子产品。半导体材料是导体还是绝缘体也。他们的分类也取决于数量的电子原子的价壳层。半导体有4电子在他们的价壳层。记住,导体的外轨道不到客栈和绝缘体通常有外层轨道超过装。一些常见的类型的半导体材料硅、锗和硒。
1.3 Current, Voltage Resistance
13 电流，电压，电阻
We depend on electricity to do many things that are sometimes taken for granted. There are three basic electrical terms which must be understood, current, voltage, and resistance.
我们依靠电力来做许多事情,有时是理所当然。有三种基本的电气条件,必须理解,电流、电压、电阻。
1.3.1 Current
1.3.1电流
Static electricity is caused by stationary charges. However, electrical current is the motion of electrical charges from one point to another. Electric current is produced when electrons ( - ) are removed from their atoms. Some electrons in the outer orbits of the atoms or certain elements are easy to remove. A force or pressure applied to a material causes electrons to be removed. The movement of electrons from one atom to another is called electric current flow.
静电是由固定费用。然而,电流是电荷的运动从一个点到另一个。时产生的电流是电子(-)被从他们的原子。一些电子在原子的外层轨道或某些元素很容易去除。一种力量或压力应用到材料促使电子被删除。这场运动的电子从一个原子到另一个叫做电流流动。
1. Current Flow
1．电流
The usefulness of electricity is due to its electric current flow. Current flow is the movement of electrical charges along a conductor. Static electricity, or electricity at rest, has some practical uses due to electrical charges. Electric current flow allows us to use electrical energy to do many types of work.
电的用处是由于它的电流流动。电流是电荷的运动沿着导体。静电,或电力在休息,有一些实际使用由于电荷。电流流允许我们使用电能做很多类型的工作。
The movement of valence shell electrons of conductors produces electrical current. The outer electrons of the atoms of a conductor are called free electrons. Energy released by these electrons as they move allows work to be done. 3 As more electrons move along a conductor, more energy is released. This is called an increased electric current flow.

运动的价电子层电子导体电流的产生。外层电子的原子一个导体被称为自由电子。能量释放这些电子移动时允许工作要做。3随着越来越多的电子沿着导体,更多的能量被释放。这就是所谓的增加电流流动。
To understand how current flow takes place, it is necessary to know about the atoms of conductors. Conductors, such as copper, have atoms that are loosely held together. Copper is said to have atoms connected together by metallic bonding. A copper atom has one valence shell electron, which is loosely held to the atom. These atoms are so close together that their valence shells overlap each other. Electrons can easily move from one atom to another. In any conductor the outer electrons continually move in a random manner from atom to atom.
了解当前流发生,有必要了解原子的导体。导体,如铜,有原子,松散结合在一起。据说,铜原子通过金属键连接在一起。一个铜原子有一个价电子层电子,这是松散的原子举行。这些原子是如此接近,他们的价壳层相互重叠。电子从一个原子可以轻松地移动到另一个。在任何导线外层电子不断地移动在一个随机的方式从原子原子
The random movement of electrons does not result in current flow, since electrons must move in the same direction to cause current flow. If electric charges are placed on each end of a conductor, the free electrons move in one direction. Current flow takes place because there is a difference in the charges at each end of the conductor. Remember that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
随机运动的电子不会导致电流流动,因为电子必须朝着同样的方向导致电流流动。如果电荷被放置在每个结束的导体,自由电子在一个方向移动。电流发生因为存在不同的指控两端的导线。记住,同种电荷排斥和异种电荷吸引。
When an electrical charge is placed on each end of the conductor, the free electrons move. Free electrons have a negative charge, so they are repelled by the negative charge on the left. The free electrons are attracted to the positive charge on the right and move to the right from one atom to another. If the charges on each end of the conductor are increased, more free electrons will move. This increased movement causes more electric current flow.
当一个电荷是放在两端的导线,自由电子移动。自由电子有一个负电荷,所以他们会排斥负电荷在左边。免费的电子吸引正电荷在右边,右移到另一个从一个原子。如果这些指控在两端的导线都增加了,更多的自由电子会移动。这增加了运动导致更多的电流流动。
Current flow is the result of electrical energy caused as electrons change orbits. This impulse moves from one electron to another. When one electron moves out of its valence shell, it enters another atom’s valence shell. An electron is then repelled from that atom. This action goes on in all parts of a conductor. Remember that electric current flow produces a transfer of energy.
电流是由于电能造成电子改变轨道。这个脉冲移动到另一个从一个电子。当一个电子移动价电子层,它进入另一个原子的价电子层。一个电子从原子是那么排斥。这一行动是在所有地区的导体。记住,电流流产生的能量转移。
2. Electronic Circuits
2。电子电路
Current flow takes place in electronic circuits. A Circuit is a path for electric current flow. Electric current flows only when it has a complete, or closed-circuit, path. There must be a' source of electrical energy to cause current to flow along a closed path. 4 The electrical energy is converted into more useful energy, for example, the light energy.
电流流发生在电子电路。一个电路是一个路径电流流动。电流流动只有当它有一个完整的、或闭路、路径。必须有一个“源的电能引起电流流过一个封闭的路径。4的电能转换成更有用的能源,例如,光能量。
Electric current cannot flow if a circuit is open An open circuit does not provide a complete path for current flow. Free electrons of the conductor would no longer move from one atom to another. An example of an open circuit is a "burned-out" light bulb. Actually, the filament (the part that produces light) has become open. The open filament of a light bulb stops current flow from the source of electrical energy. This causes the bulb to stop burning, or producing light.
电流不能流如果电路是开放的。一个开放的电路没有提供一个完整的路径电流流动。自由电子的导体将不再从一边移动到另一个原子。一个示例的一个开放的电路是一个“烧毁”灯泡。实际上,灯丝(部分产生光)已经成为开放。开放的灯丝的灯泡停止当前流从源的电能。这使灯泡停止燃烧,或产生光。
Another common circuit term is a short circuit. A short circuit, which can be very harmful, occurs when a conductor connects directly across the terminals of an electrical energy source. For safety purposes, a short circuit should never happen because short circuits cause too much current to flow from the source. If a wire is placed across a battery, a short circuit occurs. The battery would probably be destroyed and the wire could get hot or possibly melt due to the short circuit.
另一个常见的电路术语是一个短路。一个短路,这是非常有害的,发生在导线直接连接在端子的电能量源。为安全起见,一个短路应该不会发生因为短路造成太多的电流流从源。如果一个线是放置在一个电池,一个短路发生。电池可能会被摧毁,电线会变热或可能融化由于短路。
1.3.2 Voltage
1.3.2电压
Water pressure is needed to force water along a pipe. Similarly, electrical pressure is needed to force current along a conductor. If a motor is rated at 220 V, it requires 220 V of electrical pressure applied to the motor to force the proper amount of current through it. More pressure would increase the current flow and less pressure would not force enough current to flow, The motor would not operate properly with too high or too low voltage. An electrical energy source such as a battery or generator produces current flow through a circuit. As voltage is increased, the amount of current in the circuit is also increased. Voltage is also called electromotive force (EMF).
水的压力是需要迫使水沿着管道。同样,电子压力是需要迫使电流沿着导体。如果一个电机额定在220 V,它需要220 V的电压应用于电动机迫使适当的电流通过它。更多的压力将增加电流和更少的压力不会力足够的电流流动,发动机不正常运转与电压过高或过低。一个电气能源如电池或发电机产生的电流流过一个电路。作为电压增加,数量的电流在电路也增加。电压也称为电动势(EMF)。
1.3.3 Resistance
1.3.3电阻
The opposition to current flow in electrical circuits is called resistance. Resistance is not the same for all materials. The number of free electrons in a material determines the amount of opposition to current flow. Atoms of some materials give up their free electrons easily. These materials offer low opposition to current flow. Other materials hold their outer electrons and offer high opposition to current flow.
反对派电流在电路称为电阻。电阻是不一样的所有材料。自由电子的数量在一个材料决定了数量的反对当前的流。一些物质的原子很容易放弃自己的自由电子。这些材料提供低反对当前的流。其他材料持有其外层电子和提供高反对当前的流。
Electric current is the movement of free electrons in a material. Electric current needs a source of electrical pressure to cause the movement of free electrons through a material. An electric current will not flow if the source of electrical pressure is removed. A material will not release electrons until enough force is applied. With a constant amount of electrical force (voltage) and more opposition (resistance) to current flow, the number of electrons flowing (current) through
the material is smaller. With constant voltage, current flow is increased by decreasing resistance. Decreased current results from more resistance. By increasing or decreasing the amount of