XX中考英语知识点梳理：短语动词和句型的讲解.docx

XX中考英语知识点梳理：短语动词和句型的讲解www.5y【考点直击】1.短语动词的辨析;2.英语句子的基本句型结构;3.初中阶段主要句型的用法。【名师点睛】短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段，我们已经学习了不少短语动词，把他们加以归纳总结，进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。1.短语动词的分类动词+介词常见的有lookfor,lookafter,askfor,laughat,hearof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dontlaughatothers.Tomaskedhisparentsforabike.动词+副词常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：youllhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedontforgettohanditin.动词+副词+介词常见的有goonwith,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：GoonandIllcatchupwithyouinfiveminutes.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.动词+名词+介词常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.动词+形容词常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.动词+名词常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.2.短语动词的辨析bemadein，bemadeofcomedown，comealong，cometooneself，cometrue，comeout，comeover，comein，comeon,comeupwithdoonesbest,dowellin,dooneshomework，dosomereadingfallasleep，fallbehind，falloff，falldowngetdown，geton，getto，getup，getback，getoff，getonwellwith，getmarried，gettogethergiveup，giveahand，giveaconcertgoback，goon，gohome，gotobed，goover，goout，gowrong，goondoing，goshopping，goboating,gofishing，gohiking，goskating，gostraightalonghavealook,haveaseat,havesupper,havearest,havesports,haveacold,haveacough,haveagoodtime,haveaheadache，haveatrylookfor，lookout，lookover，lookup，lookafter，lookat，looklike，lookthesame，makefriends，makephonecalls，makemoney，makethebed，makeanoise，makeafaces，makeoneswayto，makeroomfor，makeadecision，makeamistake，makeuponesmindputon，putup，putdown，putaway,putofftakeoff，takephotos，taketime，takeout，takeaseat，takeanactivepartin，takecareof，takeexercise，takeonesplace，taketurntalkabout，talkwithturnon，turnoff，turndown，turnoverthinkof，thinkabout3.句子的基本句型结构根据句子所用动词的不同，句子可归纳为五个基本句型。主语+连系动词+表语。例如：mymotherisadoctor.Hervoicesoundsnice.主语+不及物动词。例如：Herunsfast.westudyhard.主语+及物动词+宾语。例如：childrenoftensingthissong.HestudiesEnglish.1)常用-ing形式,而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy,finish,feellike,consider,practise,keep,suggest,mind等。例如：Sheenjoysreadingnovelsandswimming.Ifinishedreadingthebooklastnight.2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish,hope,agree,plan,decide,refuse等。例如：wheredowishtosit?Tomagreedtolendsomemoney.3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember,forget等。例如：Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.请记住替我发了这封信。Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得那封信寄过了。Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：Hestoppedtosmoke.他停下来吸烟。Hestoppedsmoking.他停止吸烟了。4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like,love,hate,begin,start,continue等。例如：Iliketoswiminsummer.Ilikeswimminginsummer.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。例如：myfatherboughtmeanewbike.Hegavemeanapple.1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如：Pleasepassmeacupoftea.=Pleasepassacupofteatome.Showmeyournewbook,please.=Pleaseshowyournewbooktome.2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词to,有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give,tell,sell,lend,show之后加to。在动词buy,make,get等之后加for。例如：wouldyoulendmeyourdictionary,please?=wouldyoulendyourdictionarytome,please?Tomsmotherboughthimapairofnewshoes.=Tomsmotherboughtapairofnewshoesforhim.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：wekeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.Ihearsomeonesinginginthenextroom.1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：wecallhimjack.Dontgetyourhandsdirty.2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程;用-ing形式作宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如：Iheardhimsingthatsong.whenIcameback,Iheardhimsingingintheroom.3)在感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,listento,lookat使役动词let,make,have等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时，省去的to要加上。例如：Isawhimgointotheroom.Hewasseentogointotheroom.4.初中阶段主要句型的用法。1.Itstimeto.表“时间到了;该干的时间了”之意。Itstimetogohome.Itstimeforschool.注意：to的后面接动词短语，而for的后面接名词。2.Itsbadfor.表示“对有害的”含义。Pleasedontsmoke.Itsbadforyourhealth.Pleasetakemoreexercise.Itsgoodforyourhealth.3.belatefor是“上学”之意。for后面还可以接meeting或class。Hewaslateforschoolthismorning.Dontbelateforclass,please.4.hadbetterdo/notdosth.表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。youhadbetterputonthecoatwhenyougoout.Itscoldoutside.wehadbetterstoptohavearest.注意：用hadbetter时，后面一定要直接跟动词原形，决不能加todosth.否定一定用在第二个动词之前，是动词不定式的否定式。5.beafraidof.表示“恐怕”，“害怕”之意。Heisafraidofsnakes.maryfeelsafraidofgoingoutalone.6.enjoydoingsth.是“喜欢做某事”之意，doing是动名词作动词enjoy的宾语。enjoy有欣赏之意。AreyouenjoylivinginBeijing?Doyouenjoylisteningtomusic?7.stopdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停下来做某事Itstimeforclass.Stoptalking,please.whenshesawme,shestoppedtotalkwithme.8.Letsb.do让某人做某事。Letsgotoschool.Fathermadehissoncleantheroomagain.注意：当makesb.dosth.用于被动语态时，第二个动词前面就一定要加to了。如：Hissonwasmadetocleantheroomagain.hewasmadetoworktwelvehoursadayinthepast.9.liketodo/likedoingsth.是“喜欢做某事”之意。liketodosth.是表示比较具体的喜欢做某事;likedoingsth.是表示宠统的喜欢做某事。如：Iliketoswimintheswimmingpool.我喜欢在游泳池中游泳。Ilikeswimming.我喜欢游泳10.asksb.todo.sth.请某人做某事jimaskedhismothertohelphimwithhislessons.whendidyoutellhimnottoshoutloudly?11.givesb.sth.=givesth.tosb.给某人某物mikegavemeanewpairofstockings.Pleaselendusyourcar.12.bebusydoingsth.表示“忙于做某事”之意。Thestudentsarebusygettingreadyfortheexams.IsmrsBlackbusywashingclothes?13.too.to.表示“太以致不能”的含义。Sheistooyoungtogotoschool.Theoldmanwastootiredtowalkfarther.14.notuntil是“直才”之意。mydaughterdidntgotobeduntil11oclocklastnight.wewonthavetimetorestuntilthesummerholidaycomes.15.sothat是“如此以致”的意思。Peterissocleverthatalltheteacherslikehimverymuch.Thesongissowonderfulthateveryonelikestolistentoit.16.neithernor是“既不也不”之意。mr.Smithisneitheraworkernorasoldier.Heisascientist.NeitheryounorIamfree.17.enoughtodosth.是“足以去做某事”之意。Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.Peterwastallenoughtoreachtheapple.19.preferto是“比起来，还是好，”“喜欢而不喜欢”之意。IpreferEnglishtomaths=IlikeEnglishbetterthanmathsHeprefersplayingfootballtoplayingbasketball.20.notatall是“根本不”之意。Idontknowmr.kingatall.Daviddoesntlikesingingatall.21.keepsb.doingsth.是“使某人继续做某事”之意。mr.wangdidntcometoschoolontime.Shekeptmewaitingfortwohours.Dontkeepyourmotherdoingeverythingforyouyoushoulddoitbyyourself.22.keepsth.+adj.是“保持某物处于某种状况”之意。Pleasekeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.Thatwoolsweaterkeptherbodywarmenough.23.seesb.doingsth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”之意。whenmybrotherpassedthepostoffice,hesawalittleboycryingatthedoor.Didyouseeacarcominghere?24.seesb.dosth.是“看见某人做了某事”之意。Thatgirlsawanoldwomanfalldownontheroadyesterday.Haveyouseentheleavesdropintotheriver?25.hearsb.doingsth.是“听到某人正在做某事”之意。Listen!canyouhearsomeonesingingonthehill?weheardhimtalkingwithmr.Liloudlyjustnow.26.hearsb.dosth.表示“听见某人做了某事”之意。Hewasoftenheardtosinginhisroominthepast.whydidntyouhearmecomeintothesittingrom?27.beusedfordoingsth.是“被用来做某事”的意思。knivesareusedforcuttingthings.Teapotisusedforkeepingteawarm.28.Itsthreemetreslong/high/wide.它是三米长形容词要放在后面作后置定语。句型是It/主语+be+数词+米/公里+形容词。Hisfatherisoneandseventymetrestall.Thatriverisfiftymetreswide.29.whatswrongwith.?/whatstheproblemwith.?/whatsthetroublewith.?/whatsthematter?表示“出了什么毛病?”“哪儿不舒服?”“怎么啦?”的含义。whatswrongwithyourcar?whatswrongwithyou,littlegirl?whatsthematterwithyourwatch?30.wouldyoulike.?是“你想要吗?”的意思。like后面可以接名词，词组或动词不定式。提出一种建议或邀请。wouldyoulikesomefish?wouldyouliketogotothecinemawithme?31.willyoupleasedosth?是“你想要做吗?”willyoupleasesayitmoreslowly?willyoupleasenotopenthewindow?Ifeelcold.32.Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.是“做某事花费某人一段时间”之意。可以用于一般现在时，一般过去式和一般将来时态。Itwilltakeustwohourstogooverallthewordsandexpressions.Ittookmrwanghalfanhourtocleanthebedroom.33.Idlikesb.todosth.是“我希望某人来做某事”之意。Idlikemyfriendtohelpmewithmylessons.Hedlikejimtoteachhimhowtousethecomputer.34.Theressth.wrongwith.是“某物/人出了问题”，“某物/人有了毛病”之意。ThereissomethingwrongtheTVset.=SomethingiswrongwiththeTVset.Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththecar.Itdoesntmove.35.Idontthinkthat+clause是“我想不会”“我认为不”之意。Idontthinkthatanyofthequestionsisdifficult.wedontthinkhewillhavetimetomorrow.36.whatabout.?表示征求意见，询问消息，是“好不好?”“怎么样?”之意。whataboutsometea?whataboutyourmother?Issheallright?37.whynotdo.?是表示建议，“为什么不?”之意。whynothavearest?youhavealreadyworkedforfourhours.whynotcometoplaygameswithus?=whydontyoucometoplaygameswithus?38.whatdoyoumeanby.?是“请问是什么意思?”之意。whatdoyoumeanbyscientist,please?whatdoyoumeanbymanager,please?可以说whatisthemeaningofmanager?或whatdoesthemanagermean?39.youlikesingingverymuch.SodoI.你非常喜欢唱歌。我也非常喜欢。SodoI.=Ilikesingingverymuch,too.So在句型so+be+主语中有“也”，“同样”的意思，表示前面所说的情况，也适合于另一个人。Hesawtheaccident,andsodidI.Shecanrideahorse,andsocanI.40.ItseasyforhimtolearnEnglishwell.学好英语对他来说很容易。Its+adj.+forsb.+todosth.是“对某人来说做某事怎么样”之意。It是代词作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，为避免句子头重脚轻而将主语放在了后面。Itisdangerousforchildrentoplayinthestreet.Itwaseasyforhertotidyherroomjustnow.www.5y6