江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总.docx

-江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总一、冠词The Article知识要点：冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article ）和定冠词（ The definite Article ）两种。 a (an) 是不定冠词， a 用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an 用在元音之前，如：anold man, an hour, an interesting book 等。 the 是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类 （泛指）。这是不定冠词 a (an)的基本用法。 如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.A Li is looking for you.一位姓李的同志正在找你。3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one 强烈。如：I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time 等。5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍 a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：This little girl is a joy to her parents.这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。It is a pleasure to talk with you.跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。It is an honour to me to attend the meeting.参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法：1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the 的基本用法。如：Beijing is the capital of China.The pen on the desk is mine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：Where is the teacher?Open the window, please.3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.The baby was thin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：He is always the first to come to school.Bob is the tallest in his class.6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children等。sPalace, the Party7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way 等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the People s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：The Browns are at home to receive visitors today.布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。如：Go down this street.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：We are students.34-1I like reading stories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers Day, ChildrensDay, National Day, in summer, in July 等。Today is New Year s Day.It is Sunday.March 8 is Women s Day.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：What s the matter, Granny?We elected him monitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil 等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：She goes to school after breakfast every morning.We are going to play football.We usually have lunch at school.8、科目前不加。如：We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.二、名词Nouns知识要点：一、名词的种类：1、专有名词：1） China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack （不加冠词）2） the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People s RepublictheUnitedofChina,States 等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。 ）2、普通名词：物质名词： water ， rice ， oil ， paper1）不可数名词抽象名词：health，trouble，work，pleasure honor注意： 不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。如： have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如： fishes,newspapers,waters,snows|各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times 时代， works 著作， difficulties 困难在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper .2）可数名词：A birdcaufly.可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.有复数形式：a）规则变化 加“ s”或“ es”（与初中同，略）b）不规则变化 child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),phenomenon(phenomena)注意 ： c）单、复数同形： sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）。如，a sheep, two sheepd）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,e）形复实单： physics, politics, maths, news, plastics （塑料）， means.f ）形单实复： people (人民，人们） ， the police, cattle 等g）集合名词如： family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为 整 体中的各个成员时，为复数。如：My family is a big one.My family are music lovers.h）复合名词变复数时，a）只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law 嫂子，弟妹； step-son (s)继子； editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如： grown-up(s) 成年人， go-between(s)中间人c）woman, man 作定语时， 要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant men servants, a woman2doctor women doctors二、名词的所有格：1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“s”。如： Mike s bag, Children s Day, mbrother s room, womens rights注意： 1）名词复数的词尾是-s 或 -es，它的所有格只在词后加“ s”。如： Teachers Day,theworkers rest-home（工人疗养院） ， the students reading-room2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“s”。如： her son-in-law s photo（她女婿的照片） ；anybodyelse s book（其他任何人的书）3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“s”；如 果 不是共有，则每个词后都要加“ s”。如： Jane and Helen s room珍.妮和海伦的房间（共有） . Bills and Toms radios.比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有）4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailor裁缝s铺( ) the doctor诊所s) (Mr Brown 布s朗(先生的家 )5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“s”表所有格。如： half an hour s walk半小时(的路程 )China s agriculture中(国的农业 )2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of 构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：the story of Dr Norman BethuneDo you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?4、“ of 词组 +所有格”的用法：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：等）时，常用“ of 词组 +所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：a friend of my father我父亲的s一位朋友。some inventions of Edison爱迪生的s一些发明those exercise-books of the students学生们的那些练习本。知识要点：三、主谓一致 Agreement在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1） The book is on the table.2） He is reading English.3） To work hard is necessary.（ It is necessary to work hard. ）4） How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like to play toys.3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here,there 开头， be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：1） There is a dog near the door.2） There were no schools in this area before liberation.3） Here comes the bus.4） On the wall were two famous paintings.5） Here is Mr Brown and his children.4、and 连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but,perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than 等引起的短语， 谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：1） Jane, Mary and I are good friends.2） He and my father work in the same factory.3） His sister, no less than you, is wrong.4） The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5） He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.6） Every picture except these two has been sold.7） Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.8） Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9） Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and 后面的名词没有冠词。如：31） The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。2） Bread and butter is their daily food.面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。3） The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。（两个人）6、 and 连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a 修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1） Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。2） No teacher and no student is absent today.今天没有老师和学生缺席。3） Many a student is busy with their lessons.许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。7、 each, either, one, another, the other, neither 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1） Each takes a cup of tea.2） Either is correct.3） Neither of them likes this picture.8、由 every, some, any, no 构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1） Is everyone here?2） Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词who, that, which 等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：1） Those who want to go please sign their names here.2） Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.3） He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：1） Three years is not a long time.2） Ten dollars is what he needs.3） Five hundred miles is a long distance.11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：1） The United States is in North America.2） The United Nations has passed a resolution( 决议 )。3）“The Arabian Nights ”（天方夜谭 ） is an interesting book.12、有些集体名词如 family, team, group, class, audience （听众，观众），government 等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：1） My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。2） My family are fond of music.我家人都喜欢音乐。3） The class has won the honour.这班获得了荣誉。4） The class were jumping for joy.全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest 等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：1） All of the apple is rotten.整个苹果都烂了。2） All of the apples are rotten.所有的苹果都烂了。3） Most of the wood was used to make furniture ( 家具 )。14、 the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：1） The young are usually very active.年轻人通常是很活跃的。2） The wounded are being taken good care of here now.现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。15、 or, either or , neither nor , whether or, not only but (also) 连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：1） Either you or I am going to the movies.2） Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：41） Water is a kind of matter.2） The news at six o clock is true.17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle 等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：1） The police are searching for him.2） The cattle are grassing (吃草 )。18、 population 当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：1） The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2） One third of the population here are workers.19、the number of + 名词复数， 是表示 “的数字” ，作主语时， 谓语动词用单数形式； a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。1） The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.2） A number of students have gone for an outing.20、 means, politics, physics, plastics 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。四、虚拟语气虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：1、虚拟条件句。2、名词性虚拟语气。3、虚拟语气的其他用语。一、虚拟条件句：条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：If 主语过去时，主语should（ could, would,或 might ）动词原形，如：If I were you, I would study hard.If it rained, I would not be here now.2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：If 主语 had过去分词，主语should（ could, would,或 might ） have过去分词，如：If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.3、主条语件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：Ifshoulddo，主语 should（ could）原形dowere to过去时（与现在事实条件句一样）。If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.注意问题：1、 If 条件句中绝对不可出现“would ”。2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should 可省去 if ，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.二、名词性虚拟语气：在表示命令、建议要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：主语（ should）动词原形，如：Mot her insisted that John go to bed at 9 o（宾语从句）clock.We suggested that the meeting should not be held.It was required that the crops should be harvested at once. （主语从句）The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. （同位语从句）That is their demand that their wages be increased. （表语从句）注意： 在这种句子中绝不出现“would ”“ must”“ could ”等。三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：1、 wish 后的宾语从句：与现在愿望不一致主语过去时；与过去愿望不一致主语 had过去分词；与未来愿望不一致主语 would （ could ）原形。I wish I were you.I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.52、 It s time句型：当It s time后用 that 从句时应该为：主语 should原形或 主语过去时，例如：It s time that you went to school或.It s time that you should go to school.3、 If only 引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish 宾语从句”If only he could come!他要能来就好了。If only I had known the answer!我要早知答案就好了。4、 would rather, as if （ though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时，如：I d rather you posted the letter right away.I d rather you had returned the book yesterday.She loves the children as if they were hers.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.5、 without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。Without you, I would never know him.But for your cooperation, we wouldn t have done the work so well.But that she was afraid, she would have said no.I would be most glad to help you, but I am busy now.I would have come to the party yesterday, but I was working.I am busy now, otherwise I would do you the favor!五、倒装句英语的基本句型是主语+ 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。一、 全倒装 : 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种情况 :1、当 here, there, out, in, up, down 等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装 :There goes the bell! 铃响了！There lived an old man.Here comes the bus.注意 :be 动词 , 像 go, come, mush 等。在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或主语如果是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。2、方位状语在句首 , 如 :In front of the house stopped a police car.Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.Under the tree sat a boy.3 、直接引语在句首 , 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装What does it mean? asked the boy 或 the boy asked.二、半倒装 : 主语与谓语的助动词交换位置称半倒装, 有以下数种情况 :1、 否定意义的词在句首 , 句子半倒装 ,例如 : little, never, not, no, hardly, rarely,seldomNever shall I forget you.At no time was the man aware of what was happening.Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.2、 几对并列连词如 not only but also, hardly when 等连接两个并列句, 连词在句首 , 前句半倒装 , 后句不倒装 :Not only was everything he had taker away from him, but also his Ger