醛和酮习题及答案.doc

习题1、用系统命名法命名下列化合物：（1） （2） （3） （4） （5） （6） 2、写出下列有机物的构造式：（1）2methylbutanal （2）cyclohexanecarbaldehyde（3）4penten2one （4）5chloro3methylpentanal（5）3ethylbenzaldehyde （6）1phenyl2buten1one3、以沸点增高为序排列下列各化合物，并说明理由。CH2=CHCH2CHO CH2=CHOCH=CH2 CH2=CHCH2CH2OH CH3CHO4、完成下列反应方程式：5、试设计一个最简便的化学方法，帮助某工厂分析其排出的废水中是否含有醛类，是否含有甲醛？并说明理由。6、以HCN对羰基加成反应平衡常数K增大为序，排列下列化合物，并说明理由。(1)(Ph)2CO (2)PhCOCH3 (3)Cl3CCHO (4)ClCH2CHO (6)CH3CHO7、预料下列反应的主要产物：（1）（2）8、用反应方程式表明由苯甲醛制取苄醇的三种不同方法，并指出各有什么特点。9、写出CH3COCH3与苯肼反应的机制，并说明为什么弱酸性介质（PH3.5）反应速度快，而过强的酸及碱性介质都降低反应速率。10、对下列反应提出合理的机理：11、我国盛产山苍子精油，用其主要成分柠檬醛A可以合成具有工业价值的紫罗兰酮： 试回答：(1)在每个箭头上注明必需的试剂和催化剂；(2)拟出能解释上述反应的历程；(3)第二步反应中-紫罗兰酮是占优势的产物，为什么？(4)在紫外-可见光谱中，哪一个紫罗兰酮异构体吸收较长的光波，为什么？12、顺-1,2-环戊二醇和丙酮及少量酸的混合物进行回流，用分水器不断除水，获得分子式为C8H14O2的产物A，A对碱稳定，遇稀酸生成原料。（1） 推测A的结构；（2） 用反-1,2-环戊二醇进行同样的实验，却不发生反应，为什么？13、化合物B(C9H10O)碘仿实验呈阴性，IR谱中1690cm-1处显一强吸收峰；NMR谱中值=1.2(3H)三重峰，=3.0(2H)四重峰，=7.7(5H)多重峰，试推测化合物B的结构。B的异构体B/，碘仿实验呈阳性，IR谱中1705cm-1处显一强吸收峰，在NMR谱中值2.0(3H)单峰，=3.5(2H)单峰，=7.1(5H)多重峰，试推测B/的结构。14、由指定原料及必要的有机、无机试剂合成：（1） 从乙醛合成1,3-丁二烯（2） 由环己酮合成己二醛（3） 从丙醛合成CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)2（4） 从乙醛合成15、以苯、甲苯、四个碳或四个碳以下的简单原料合成下列化合物： 习题答案1、解：（1） 2甲基丙醛（2）苯乙醛（3） 1苯基1丙酮（4） 2甲基3戊酮（5）对甲基苯甲醛（6） 4甲基环己酮2、解：3、解：沸点高低顺序为，有机物沸点随分子量增加而增加，故沸点最低。在中，只有可形成分子间氢键，故沸点最高。与相比，是羰基化合物，极性较强，分子间作用较大，而为醚，分子极性小，所以沸点比低。4、解：5、解：用Schiff试剂，检验废水；如显紫红色表示可能有醛存在，再加多量H2SO4，紫红色不褪，示有甲醛。6、解：HCN对羰基加成是亲核加成，能降低羰基碳原子上电子云密度的结构因素将会使K值增大，故K值顺序是：(6)(4)(3)，而羰基碳原子的空间位阻愈小，则K值增大，故K值的顺序是：(1)(2)(5)(6)综合考虑：则K值顺序是(1)(2)(5)(6)(4)(3)。7、解：8、解：9、解：该反应是酸催化反应，H+加在羰基氧上使羰基碳原子的正电性增大，有利于亲核试剂进攻，但H+还有另一方面的作用，即会使苯肼失去亲核活性，因此需要保持一定的弱酸性介质（PH-3.5），但过强的酸会使苯肼失去亲核活性，碱会使羰基碳原子的正电性减小。10、解：11、解：(2)生成假紫罗兰酮是羟醛缩合反应历程：(3)因为紫罗兰酮中双键能与侧链双键共轭，较稳定，故为优势产物。(4)紫罗兰酮吸收较长的光波，因为环内C=C与侧链中的C=C及C=O 共轭。12、解：（2）由于空间位阻，反-1,2-环戊二醇不进行同样反应。13、解：14、解：15、解： 技术官员村位于位于亚运城东部，主干道二以东石楼涌以西的地块，占地面积、m2，总建筑面积、m2，共包括地下室南区、地下室北区、地上部分1栋12栋、服务中心、室外工程等多个单体工程。其中住宅面积m2，共12栋，17栋建筑层数为11层，812栋11层（局部复式顶层），首层局部架空，布置公建配套设施。integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the citys liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the countrys first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for water and the second land of the seven hills. 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, old town-the South Bank Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, suspicious pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the citys liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the countrys first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for water and the second land of the seven hills. 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, old town-the South Bank Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, suspicious pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,