专业专业英语序论.pptx

专业外语（Technical English for Mechanical Engineering）是大学阶段在完成英语基础阶段，完成一些相关专业基础课的基础上，必须选修的课程。学习内容：1。了解熟悉机械制造相关（工程力学、机械零件、机床、金属加工等等）的专业词汇；2。了解科技文献、论文的书写格式；3。了解一些常用词汇在专业科技文献中的特殊用法。课程教学目的课程教学目的 培养学生对专业语言的理解能力和应用能力；培养学生对专业语言的理解能力和应用能力；让学生承担专业阅读必需的基本技能和知识，使学让学生承担专业阅读必需的基本技能和知识，使学生能够以英语为工具获取专业科技知识及其他与专生能够以英语为工具获取专业科技知识及其他与专业有关的信息。业有关的信息。学习要求：学习要求：1、熟悉并尽量掌握相关专业词汇；、熟悉并尽量掌握相关专业词汇；2、能够借助工具书独立阅读翻译本专业相关的科、能够借助工具书独立阅读翻译本专业相关的科技文献和资料；技文献和资料；3、在工具书帮助下，能够翻译一些简单的本专业、在工具书帮助下，能够翻译一些简单的本专业中文资料。（论文摘要）中文资料。（论文摘要）4、认真完成平时作业，顺利通过最终考查或者考、认真完成平时作业，顺利通过最终考查或者考试。试。专业英语的学习方法专业英语的学习方法 专业英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读的专业英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读的方法也所不同，专业英语阅读要把准确理解方法也所不同，专业英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅读速放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅读速度。和其他的英语能力一祥，专业英语阅读度。和其他的英语能力一祥，专业英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高专业英语阅读能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高专业英语阅读能力的最有效的方法。能力的最有效的方法。翻译概述 1.什么叫做翻译？（英译汉）所谓翻译是把一种语言所表达的信息用另一种语言（准确清晰地）表达出来的语言活动。通俗点说，就是将一种人们不懂或者不太懂的语言用他们所熟悉的语言表达出来，使他们能够了解前者所要表达的意思。2.翻译的基本要求：a).理解原文（忠实原文）；所谓理解原文就是要通读全文，联系原文背景（所掌握的知识），联系上下文等等 b).表达准确（语句通顺、符合汉语习惯）c).专业水平专业英语的基本特点专业英语的基本特点1。复杂长句多：科技文章要求叙述准确、推理严谨，因此一句话里通常包括两三个甚至更多个分句。复杂长句是科技英语中的难点之一。2。被动语态多：科技英语中被动语态的使用占三分之一以上。有几个原因：（1）强调所论述的事物；（2）许多场合下动作的执行者不需指明；（3）无从指出谁是动作的执行者。No work can be done without energy.Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily.This liquid became mixed with the salt at room temperature.3。非谓语动词多：如 A machine tool is equipped with a drive having sufficient power to supply the required energy.阅读过程中对生词和多义词词义的确定阅读过程中对生词和多义词词义的确定1.一词多义时词义的确定a).根据词类 多数情况下，可以根据其在句中的位置加以确定 Machine tools like lathe,milling machine and grinding machine are very useful.b).根据场合 The nucleus is the information center of the cell.He was imprisoned in a cell.c).根据专业 charge:d).根据搭配 have a cold have a good time take a book take a cup of tea2.有前后缀的单词词义的确定 词根词义加上前缀或后缀的含义，如 im-imbalance over-overheat3.合成词词义的确定 基本上是原词义的组合 a).直接结合 n.+n.workholder adj.+n.Blueprint b).连符结合 worker-engineer cut-in under-voltage几种翻译技巧几种翻译技巧(1)词量的增减A增词(a)补充原文中省略的部分 Copper is extremely tough but cast-iron is not.(b)将代词还原为所代名词 A material which is deforms less under given load is more stiff than one which deforms more.(c)将关系代词还原为所代名词 A worm gear set consists of the worm,which is very similar to a screw,and the worm gear,which is a helical gear.(d)修辞的目的，增加一些起连贯作用的词 Manganese is a hard,brittle,grey-white metal.B、减词 (a)省略冠词 Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid,a liquid or a gas.(b)省略代词 Hardened steel is difficult to machine,but having been annealed,it can be easily machined.(c)省略动词 White cast iron is too hard to be machined.(d)省略名词 The twist drill is the most common type of metal working drill.(e)省略连词 Up and down motion can be changed to circular motion.(f)省略介词 The work is placed into a metal box containing carburizing materials(that is materials with carbon content).(2)词类转换法(a)原文中的名词、介词和形容词在译成汉语时，有时可译成动词A steady increase of load on a part will cause it to deform gradually.It is possible to cut all thread forms and sizes on a lathe.(b)将原文中的形容词和动词译成名词Steels behave differently from cast iron.(c)将原文中的副词和名词译成形容词 That physical experiment was a success.(3)成分转换(a)介词宾语译成主语Aluminium is very light in weight.(b)动词宾语译成主语Needle bearing have a mach greater length-diameter ratio than cylindrical roller bearing.(c)主语译成定语Medium carbon steel is much stronger than low carbon steel.(d)定语译成谓语Grinding has better surface finish than milling.(e)表语译成主语 Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.(f)主语译成宾语 The workers were seen repairing the machine.(g)状语译成定语 Throughout the world,output of NC machine tools is growing rapidly.(h)主语译成状语 Special design of the rear bearing allows for exchange V-belts without the necessary of removing the spindle.(4)成分分译(a)主语分译 In welding too much current will make it virtually impossible to stay the deposited metal in the right place.(b)谓语分译 It has already been stated that the workpiece must be located relative to the cutting tool and be secured in that position.(c)定语分译 The cutter is clamped in the tool post which is mounted on the carriage.(d)状语分译 The head of a drilling machine is mounted on the column above the table.（5）重复译法a).重复共同修饰的名词重复共同修饰的名词 Gas,oil,and electric furnaces are most commonly used for heat treating metal.b).重复共同的动词重复共同的动词 Plant growth needs sunshine,air and water as well.c).重复共用的宾语重复共用的宾语 Engineers have to analyze and solve design problems.d).重复共同的定语重复共同的定语 Metals are the best conductors and gases the poorest conductors of heat.e).重复省略的部分重复省略的部分 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use.(6)长句的翻译英语长句（修饰语过多；并列成分过多；语言结构层次过多等）分析长句：找出主谓宾，把握句子的整体；找出句子谓语、非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句的引导词（who，which，that等）；分析各个从句的功能（宾语从句、定语从句还是状语从句等等）；分析核心词语各个从句之间的关系；注意一些插入语；注意一些固定搭配。a).顺序法顺序法 当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.b).逆序法 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.c).分句法分句法 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句把长句的从句或短语化成句子或短语化成句子,分开来叙述分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯为了使语意连贯,有时需要适有时需要适当增加词语。当增加词语。The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.d).综合法综合法 在翻译一个英语长句时在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的这就需要我们的仔细分析仔细分析,或按照时间的先后或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。顺忠实的汉语句子。Modern scientific and technical books,especially textbooks,requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas,observations and discoveries.Ductility refers to the capability of a material to undergo deformation under tension without rupture.科技术语的译法 译名的规范化新术语的依法：音译，意译，缩略词有较多的科技专业词汇，词义单纯，一词一义 机械工程：Shaper（牛头刨床）turret lathe（转塔车床、六角车床）电子技术：alternating current（交流电）单词在一般英语和科技英语里可能有不同意思 envelop（信封；包络、机壳）normal（正常的；法线，当量）Bug（臭虫；故障）develop（发展；研制、设计）创造新词 space shuttle（航天飞机）skylab（太空实验室）大量使用缩写词 N.C.（numerical control）1。Q:What starts with E,ends with E and only has one letter？2。Q:A doctor and a lawyer loved the same girl.The lawyer went away for a week and gave the girl seven apples before he left.Why?3。Q:What season is the most dangerous one?envelopeBecause an apple a day keeps the doctor away.fall