英语语法非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词一、不定式1不定式的用法(1)作主语不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness.有些东西你想要而没有，这是幸福不可缺少的一部分。Isnt it a pleasure to review what one has learned from time to time?学而时习之，不亦说乎？(2)作宾语英语动词大部分即可用动名词作宾语，也可以动词不定式作宾语。Every man desires to live long ;but no man would be old.每一个都想长寿，但没有人想做老人。Some people pretended to despise the things they cannot have.吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸。注：a. 动词+疑问词+to do，相当于一个省略的宾语从句。 The students were discussing how to make their mothers happy. Can you tell me where to get to the nearest toilet.b.不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。I always make it rule never to criticize or attack the government of my own country.I promised it never to beat your again.(3)作补足语Television enables you to be entertained in your home by people you wouldnt have in your home.有了电视，你就不必让你不喜欢的人到你家里来，但可以享受他提供的娱乐。He was seen to enter the building by the back door.注：a. demand, hope, suggest 不能接不定式，只能接that从句。 She suggests that I open the box myself. He demands that he should be treated equally.b.感官和使役动词后接省略to的不定式，但是用在被动语态中to还原。Feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, observe, see, watch等Shes so ugly; she makes onions cry.她太丑了，甚至把洋葱都弄哭了。Take your way. Let the world talk.走自己的路，让别人说去吧。The best way a man can make his wife listen is by talking to another woman.要让妻子听你说话，屡试不爽的方法是对另一个女人说话。 (4)作定语不定式作定语，一般为后置定语。School: A good place to sell glasses for short-sightedness.学校是买近视眼镜最好的地方。The only way to amuse some people is to slip and fall in icy pavement.要使某些人发笑，唯有摔倒在结冰的人行道上。注：a. 某些形容词和动词后通常接to do结构，这些词转换成名词也一样. Marriage is a bribe to make a housekeeper think she is a householder.婚姻是贿赂家庭主妇让她觉得她是一家之主。The best way to pay for a lovely moment is to enjoy it.汇报良辰美景的最好方法是享受它。 b. the+序数词，last, only, 形容词最高级+to do The best way to stop kids from seeing dirty movies is to label them “Educational.”不让小孩看脏电影的最好办法是给它们贴上“教育片 ”的标签。 The first man to land on the moon is Armstrong.(5)作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件Teas: A kind of liquid used by children to issue commands, by women to gain sympathy, and by men to tide over difficulties.泪：孩子用来发号施令，女人用来博取同情，男人用来度过难关的一种液体。To keep earning, keep learning.要想不断赚钱就要不断学习。 He returns home only to find his wife running away.注：不定式常与enough和tooto连用A teenager is always too tired to hold a dishcloth, but never too tired to hold a phone.少男少女们总是累得拿不动洗碗布，但从不会累得拿不动电话。Your dress should b tight enough to show youre a woman and loose enough to show youre a lady.你的 衣服应该紧到足以表明你是女人，松到足以显示你是女士。(6)作表语通常表示预定要发生的动作，也可表示未来的可能性和假设。The duties of soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. Woman have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a mans last romance.女人具有更微妙的本能，那就是成为男人追求的最后一个对象。(7)作谓语复合结构a. be+VPP+ to do（assumed, believed, considered, expected, known, reported）也可转换为it引导的主语从句。High heels are said to have been invented by a woman who had been kissed on the forehead.高跟鞋，是一个曾经被人吻其前额的女性发明的。b. V+ to do (appear, get, happen, prove, seem, tend)It is a funny thing, but every time I dance with you the dances seem to be very short. They are. My fianc is leader of the orchestra.c. be+adj+to do(anxious, bound, certain, eager, likely, ready)The trees that are slow to grow bear the best fruit.慢慢长的树结出最美的果实。2.需注意的问题(1)不带to的不定式 某些固定结构要用省略to的不定式，常见的有cannot but, cannot help but, had better, would ratherthan, wouldrather than, may/might just as well等 The couple couldnt help but dote on and spoil them.老夫妇不免溺爱怂恿。 Rather than toss and turn on his warm pillow, he would just as soon sit for a while longer on the deck.与其热枕头上翻来覆去，还是去甲板上坐坐吧。(2)在but/except前有do的某种形式，则省略后面的to，总之 有do无to。 There was little I could do except wait.除了等待，我几乎无所作为。There is no remedy for love but to love more.爱无药可救，只有爱得更多。3不定式的形式(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。Im glad to meet you.Never advise anyone to go to war or to marry.(2)如果谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行时。She seemed to be sleeping.He happened to be lying on the bed.(3)如果不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，就要用其完成式。She seemed to have forgotten all about it.Im sorry to have kept your waiting so long.(4).不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。The revolution remains to be accomplished, and our comrades must still work hard.革命尚未成功，同志仍须努力。It means that we have more names of new countries to remember.二、动名词1动名词由动词ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。(1)作主语Talking pays no toll. 吹牛不用交税。Seeing is believing.注：a. There is no+Ving，表没做某事 There is no trusting to appearance.外表不可靠。 b. It is no use (good)+ VingIt is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. 不能爱哪行才干哪行，要干哪行爱哪行。It is no good locking the stable door when the horse is stolen.丢马锁门，为时晚矣。(2)作表语Laughter is inner jogging笑，就是这样在体内慢跑。Her hobby is collecting antiques-Old Millionaires.她的爱好是收集古董-年逾古稀的百万富翁。(3)作宾语What did the flower say to the bee? Quit bugging me.鲜花对蜜蜂说什么？别理我，烦着呢。You were drunk and kept repeating the same thing. Dont believe anything said by a drunk. What did I say to you? I love you, dear.admit，appreciate，give up，imagine，put off，resist，cant stand(无法忍受),give up, feel like 等动词或词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。When I read about the evils of drinking, I gave up reading.forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。I forgot to shake the bottle before giving you the medicine.allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。We dont allow smoking hereWe dont allow students to smokestart，begin，continue, like, love, hate等在书面语中后多接动名词，在口语中后多接不定式。It has started to rain.Shes so fat, she jumped in the ocean, and the whales started singing, “We are a family.” (4)作定语A blind man will not thank you for looking glass.瞎子不谢赠镜人。2动名词的复合结构动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语，常由形容词性物主代词，人称代词宾格，名词的所有格或普通名词构成。作主语时不能用第二和第四种结构。如果动名词的逻辑主语和主语相同的话，则省略动名词的逻辑主语。What is the idea of the Greens having French lessons? They have adopted a French baby, and want to understand what she says when she begins to talk.Jacks escaping from the marriage ceremony made us astonished. I regret objecting to your plan.3动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种。We are interested in playing chess如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。He regretted having said them.主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。He was afraid of being recognized.三、分词1分词的时态和语态(1)分词分为现在分词和过去分词，其否定形式为not分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。Being a student，he was interested in booksHaving studied in it for three years，he knows the university very well(2)现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态。The question being discussed is importantHaving been criticized by the teacher，Li Ming gave up smoking2分词的用法(1)作定语分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。The man standing by the window is our teacher注意：a现在分词作定语时表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，要用定语从句。The teacher criticized the student who had broken the windowb现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语，而用作后置定语。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer如果指的动作现在正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可用现在分词的被动形式作定语。We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here(2)作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。The teacher stood there，surrounded by the students分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或进行的动作，用having done表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done强调在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作，也可用having been done。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出。While unfinished，the painting looked ugly当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词前必须加上自己的主语，此结构被称为独立主格结构。Time permitting，Ill finish another lesson(3)作表语My hobby is collecting stamps(4)作宾语补足语We saw the teacher making the experiment