本我、自我和超我的冲突与统一《道连格雷的画像》.pdf

本我、自我和超我的冲突与统一浅析道连格雷的画像中的主要人物摘要：王尔德在其小说 道林.格雷的画像 中主要描写了三个人物,他们分别是亨利爵士、道林和贝西尔。论文从弗洛伊德的人格理论学说出发,分析这三个人物,提出他们分别是本我、自我和超我的象征,并探讨了其中与作者的密切联系。关键词：道林格雷的画像；自我、本我与超我；奥斯卡王尔德奥斯卡威尔斯王尔德可谓是世界文坛上的一个怪才，是众多文学批评家争论的焦点。有人对他推崇备至，也有人对他不屑一顾。但对于王尔德本人来说，“世上唯一比被人议论更糟糕的，就是无人议论。”不论是从王尔德颇具争议的传奇一生还是从其作品中，我们都不难看出王尔德在个人欲望的满足和社会道德准则之间的痛苦挣扎。作为19 世纪唯美主义的代表，王尔德鼓吹“为艺术而艺术”的思想，否认艺术的社会性，提出美与生活毫无关联，美是高于生活的，是超道德、超功利的，唯有艺术和美是永恒之上的。对于自己的唯美理论，王尔德身体力行，并在自己的诗歌、童话和剧作中将“美”展现的淋漓尽致。作为他唯一一部长篇小说，道连格雷的画像在1891问世时，遭到了几乎来自英国各界的非议与谴责，有人认为这是一本同性恋主题的小说，而更多的人则指责这是一本淫秽、不道德的书。有报纸批评道：“这本书是法国颓废派文学这个麻风怪物的产物，是一本有毒的书，充满了道德与精神沦丧的臭气。”在 1894 年王尔德对昆斯伯雷侯爵诽谤的诉讼案中，反而成为王尔德因“有伤风化”罪身陷囹圄的指证。从此，王尔德一蹶不振。从上世纪中叶起，人们开始重新以一种更为客观的角度审视王尔德及其作品，甚至一度在英美两国掀起一阵王尔德热潮，而道连格雷的画像 这本“有毒的小说”也得到了读者与文学评论家的高度赞誉，被认为是文学史上不可多得的经典之作。本文旨在借助弗洛伊德人格理论中的人格结构，简单分析道连格雷的画像 中三位主要人物画家霍尔华德、道连格雷和亨利勋爵之间相互钳制的关系并揭示他们在作者王尔德身上所得到的统一。一、本我、自我与超我依照弗洛伊德的人格结构学说，性欲冲力的活动将人格分为三个部分，即本我，自我和超我。所谓本我，就是潜意识本能的我。本我无视价值、善恶和道德的存在，只遵循快乐原则，它唯一的要求是获得快乐以求得个体的舒适，不惜一切代价只为满足自己的需求。自我，就是面对现实的我。自我是本我和外界环境的调节者，它既要遵循快乐原则满足本我的需要，又要奉行现实原则克制本我的欲望，以达到一种有节制的快乐。超我，是道德化了的我。超我是一切道德限制的代表，它遵循道德原则，压抑本我的冲动，其特点是追求完美，所以它与本我一是非现实的。本我与超我都想通过自我来达到自身的目的和需求，对一个心智健全的人而言，这三大系统是和谐统一的整体，反之，如果人格的三大系统难以协调、相互冲突，人就会处于失常状态，甚至危及到人的生存和发展。纵观道连格雷的画像这整部作品，作为贯穿始终三个主要人物，画家霍尔华德、亨利勋爵和道连格雷完美契合了弗洛伊德三重人格学说。亨利勋爵信奉感官上的极度享乐，离经叛道，玩世不恭，言语上处处抨击和嘲讽传统的价值观和道德观，极力鼓吹他的“新享乐主义”。显而易见，亨利勋爵是本我的象征。画家霍尔华德善良正直，一方面劝诫亨利摒弃他玩世不恭的享乐主义，一方面想要引导道连成为一个受人尊敬的正直的人，他无疑是超我的化身。而象征自我的道连从头至尾都是本我和超我争夺的对象，同时他也在二者之间进行着痛苦挣扎和艰难抉择。二、相互钳制的三重人格1.本我与超我的分歧与较量在小说一开始，主人公道连还未露面时，亨利与霍尔华德在画室中的对话就充分体现了二者价值观和道德观的分歧甚至背离，这恰恰就是本我与自我所遵循原则的不同。画像中道连美丽的容貌以及霍尔华德对画像所倾注的特殊感情，唤起了亨利强烈的好奇心，他迫切的想要认识道连，但霍尔华德却千方百计加以阻挠，他害怕亨利将道连从他身边夺走，也害怕率真纯洁的道连受到亨利的坏影响。但天不遂人愿，亨利在画室最终见到了道连，自此，本我与超我的较量正式拉开帷幕。最初的道连不仅有惊为天人的美丽外表，而且率真、纯洁，还从未沾染世俗的污浊气。对于亨利和霍尔华德来说，他就是一块未经雕琢的天然美玉，他们都希望在道连身上刻出自己想要的样子，因此，矛盾便产生了。霍尔华德将自己对于道连的崇拜融入自己的艺术创作，他要捍卫自己的艺术理想不受玷污，想要引导道连拥有如其外貌一般超然的道德观。而亨利则推崇享乐主义，认为追求快乐是人的天性，不应该被压抑，他想要将道连变成其理论的实践者。这正如本我想要影响自我以达到自身目的的满足和欲望的发泄。2.自我对本我从抗争到依从弗洛伊德曾用骑手与马的关系来比喻自我与本我的关系，马为骑手提供前进的动力，而骑手则掌握缰绳决定前进的方向。但有时马也许并不听话，骑手如果不想被摔下马，就只好由着马去它想去的地方。起初，道连被亨利惊世骇俗的言论所震惊，亨利说，“The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.”，“Noting can cure the soul but senses,just as nothing can cure the senses but the soul.”。（OscarWilde,1891）他认为，人应该无限满足自己本能的欲求，如果拒绝自身的的冲动需求，必然会受到自然地惩罚。他总是引诱道连及时行乐，最大限度的满足自己本能的需求。这些话点燃了道连心底里本我欲望和冲动的火苗，但他对此并未完全信服，内心或多或少还在抵制和抗争亨利的诱惑。在亨利青春易逝，及时行乐的慷慨如演讲一般的言辞影响下，道连说出了愿意用灵魂交换青春的誓言，这是他第一次受到本我欲望的支配。而西碧尔的出现，又重新唤回了道连的善良和纯洁，与西碧尔的初次恋爱使道连对亨利的享乐主义理论产生了怀疑和反抗。当西碧尔遭到抛弃而自杀后，道连还受到了超我的良心拷问和道德谴责，并且感到内疚，但亨利的话最终诱使道连听从了本我的狡辩，选择性的忽略的道德与良心的不安。西碧尔之死是整个小说的重要转折点，自此道连放弃对本我的抗争，彻底依从于对本我欲望的放纵。3.自我与超我的自毁与瓦解作为超我的化身，霍尔华德对艺术之美和社会道德准则有着双重的坚持，他是维多利亚时代最完美的道德代表。他帮助自我抑制本我无节制的欲念，试图将自我隔离在本我的诱惑之外，无时无刻不在提醒自我要以正统的道德价值观来规范自己的行为。但是在亨利以自我为中心的享乐主义面前，他捍卫的道德观显得乏善可陈、软弱无力，因为他无法去改变整个社会冲突的不平衡。当他穷尽一生所追穷和信奉的道德观被一次次击垮时，当他道连一点点受到亨利引诱与自己渐行渐远时，当他眼睁睁的看着自己理想中的完美人格被享乐主义的纵欲观念一点点侵蚀时，他只有叹息，无助而绝望。道连在本我的引诱下，在欲望的泥沼中越陷越深。他的面容躲过了岁月无情的横扫，但画像却逃不过良心的拷问与道德的审视，画像日复一日变得丑陋而狰狞，这正是他堕落灵魂的写照。当霍尔华德看到道连堕落肮脏的灵魂时，他严厉的斥责道连的恶行，但依旧幻想用宗教和道德对劣迹斑斑的道连进行拯救，这反而激起了道连内心难以抑制的仇恨和狂暴的反抗。“Dorian Gray glanced at the picture,and suddenly an uncontrollable feeling of hatred for Basil Hallward came over him,as though it had been suggested to him by the image on the canvas,whispered into his ear by those grinning lips.The mad passions of a hunted animal stirred within him,and he loathed the man who was seated at the table,more than in his whole life he had ever loathed anything.”（OscarWilde,1891）最终，道连杀了霍尔华德，从此自我完全归属于本我，摆脱了超我的控制。超我虽“死”，但道德不死，这种道德观念早已转移并存储在了画像中。画像作为道连灵魂的镜式反映，是道连始终无法摆脱的道德束缚，最终在道德和欲望之间所产生的恐惧和恶心使道连自取灭亡。整部小说的结尾恰恰也是小说的最高潮，道连拔刀刺向了画像，却失去了自己的生命，自我继超我瓦解之后也走向了自毁和死亡。三、主要人物与王尔德的立体统一陆建德认为，这部小说反映了王尔德生活中的内在矛盾冲突。（陆建德，2001）McCormack 也认为这部小说是王尔德实际生活的写照。甚至王尔德本人也曾直言不讳的说：“Basil Hallward is what I think I am;Lord Henry is what the world thinks me;Dorian is what I would like to bein other ages,perhaps.”文学作品的人物形象往往取自于现实中的人物，尤其往往是取自作家本人的体验和经验，他们所代表的是一种复合的立体的心灵世界。道连格雷的画像也不例外。小说围绕画家霍尔华德、亨利沃顿勋爵以及道连格雷这三个主要人物展开，他们各自的生活方式，实际上影射了王尔德自己所面临的三种选择；而他们各自相互影响相互钳制的关系，恰恰也是作者自己在维多利亚时代道德与唯美主义本能间的矛盾与摇摆。在创作这部小说的过程中中，王尔德既是一个置身事外的旁观者，同时也是一个在文中诸多矛盾与冲突中进行自我审视和自我反省的反思者。资本主义文明的迅速膨胀令十九世纪的西方世界蒙上了一层物欲主义的气氛。工业的发展使社会从自给自足的经济状态中脱离出来并在剧烈的动荡和流血中建立起新秩序，艺术至上者很快发现他们原来生活在一个理想匮乏的世界，这一切在他们眼里毫无诗意。（段江艳，2010）他们对于自己所属的阶层有相当透彻的了解和颇为强烈的憎恨。他们在艺术与现实之间进行着不凡的思想斗争。画家霍尔华德善良正直，是维多利亚时代时代的正统道德观影响下产生的人格，他既是维多利亚时代道德的捍卫者和殉道者，也是这种伪道德的牺牲者。他对道连的情感一定程度上是具有同性恋倾向的，在 19 世纪后期的维多利亚王朝，同性恋讳莫如深、为人不齿，但实际上同性恋之风在上流社会大肆盛行。作为这种伪道德的捍卫者，霍尔华德当局者迷，于是他一味的压抑自己内心的强烈而不可名状情感，只有画像是他唯一的情感宣泄。所以后来当他看到劣迹斑斑的画像时一时难以接受，同时也走向了自我的灭亡。万万想不到的是，王尔德笔下画家霍尔华德的命运竟成为了他自己的预言，小说出版之后第四年，王尔德就因为“同性恋罪”被捕入狱，从此一蹶不振。（褚蓓娟，2007.7）而亨利勋爵看似是一个当时社会的堕落者，他宣扬新享乐主义，鼓吹“青春易逝，及时行乐”的思想，他不断用自己的理论侵蚀他人思想，他引导道连在对声色犬马的追求中越陷越深。事实上，亨利勋爵代表的是对于维多利亚时代伪道德反叛者，他用华丽的辞藻把对于“美”的崇拜扭曲成对于“丑”的颂扬，这无疑是王尔德对于传统审美观的一次省身运动。他把传统审美观从原本对于正美的欣赏一下子深入到了负美的范畴，只有在罪恶与污秽之中开出的花朵才能展现出淤泥而不染的婷婷之姿。亨利勋爵虽然时常用言语影响他人，但他自己却从未付诸行动，正如霍尔华德所说，“You never say a moral thing,and you never do a wrong thing.Your cynicism is simply a pose.”（OscarWilde,1891）而王尔德将道连的一生置于自我内心对个人欲望和社会道德准则的挣扎中，这体现了王尔德自身的矛盾性。结语通过以上分析，不难看出在道连格雷的画像中，画家霍尔华德、道连格雷和亨利勋爵分别是弗洛伊德人格结构学说中超我、自我与本我的象征。而道连格雷的画像作为王尔德唯一一部小说，一定程度上具有自言书的性质。小说表面上讲述了一个被欲望引诱而道德败坏，最终自取灭亡的寓言故事，但小说中三个人物的相互关系，以及结局处超我被泯灭后反而加速了自我的灭亡，这恰恰都表明了王尔德对于唯美主义道德观的思考和反省。参考文献:1 英OscarWilde.The Picture of Dorian Gray M.A Penn Electronic Classics Series Publication,1891.2 中陆建德.破碎思想体系的残编 M.北京：北京大学出版社，2001.3 中段江艳.从道连格雷的画像看奥斯卡王尔德对传统艺术价值观的批判性.四川：四川教育学院院报，2010.6.4 中褚蓓娟.道连格雷的画像（长江文艺出版社），名家导读.2007.7（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions,the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan,implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party,strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives.The two regulations supporting each other,the adhere to a positive advocate,focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see,enough to get a high standard;around the party discipline,disciplinary ruler requirements,listed as negative list,focusing on vertical gauge,draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line.Here,the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation:the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process;the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party;the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems;the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party.and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus.Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years,pooling the wisdom of the whole party,ideological consensus,draw historical experience,respect for the wisdom of our predecessors,which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation;follow the correct direction,grasp the limited goals,adhere to the partys leadership,to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem.The new revision of the and,reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third,the spirit of the fourth plenary session,reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech,reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice.(a)revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised,the promulgation and implementation of January 2010,to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role.But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening,has not been able to fully meet the actual needs.Content is too complicated,eight prohibition,52 are not allowed to hard to remember,and also difficult to put into practice;the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive,no autonomy requirements;the third is banned terms and discipline law,both with the party discipline,disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat;the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent,not for the existing problems,and is narrow,only needle of county-level leading cadres above.is in 1997 based on revision,in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation,to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role.Along with the development of the situation,which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs.One is Ji law,more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition;two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent,not specific,for violation of the party constitution,damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue;third is the main discipline for the leading cadres,does not cover all Party members.Based on the above situation,need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment.By revising,really put the authority of Party discipline,the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness.(II)two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision.Xi Jinping,general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,on the revised regulations made clear instructions.According to the central deployment,the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision.The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised.Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision,amendment clarifies the direction,major issues of principle,path and target,respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province(area)secretary of the Party committee,Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission,part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people,views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members.Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,on 7 September 2015,the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)Party,the central ministries and commissions,state ministries and commissions of the Party(party),the General Political Department of the military,every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion.Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions,careful study,attracting,formed a revised sent reviewers.In October 8 and October 12,Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft.On October 18,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations.Can say,two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party,embodies the party.Second,and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen,ten eight plenary,the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and,highlighting the ruling party characteristics,serious discipline,the discipline quite in front of the law,based on the current,a long-term,advance as a whole,with Bu Xiuding independent and.Main principle is:first,adhere to the party constitution to follow.The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific,awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness,maintaining the authority of the constitution.General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules,no side round.Party constitution is the fundamental law,the party must follow the general rules.In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee,Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules,but also the general rules.the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow,the constitution authority set up,wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline,the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements.4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party.The Party of rule of virtue de,mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs,excellent traditional style.The revised the closely linked to the selfdiscipline,insisting on the positive initiative,for all members,highlight the vital few,emphasized self-discipline,focusing on the morality,and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards.The revised Ji method separately,Ji,Ji Yan to Method,as a negative list,emphasizing the heteronomy,focusing on vertical gauge.Is this one high and one low,a positive reaction,the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements,for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler.Third,insist on to.In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage,the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined,especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules,organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions.Not one pace reachs the designated position,focusing on in line with reality,pragmatic and effective.After the revision of major changes,major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems(a)adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination,for at the present stage,the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline,put forward principles,requirements and specifications,showing Communists noble moral pursuit,reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements.One is closely linked to the self-discipline,removal and no direct relation to the provis