新版新目标英语八年级下册unit4知识点总结.pdf

Unit 4 Why dont you talk to your parents?Section A1.Why dont you do sth.?=Why not do sth.?为什么不.呢？提建议的句型(1)What about doing sth.?=How about doing sth.?.怎么样？(2)Why dont you do sth.?=Why not do sth.?为什么不呢？(3)Lets do sth.让我们一起做某事吧。(4)Shall we/I do sth.?我们做好吗？(5)had better do/not do sth.最好做/不做某事(6)Will/Would you please do sth.请你做好吗？(7)Would you like to do sth.?你想去做某事吗？(8)Would you mind doing sth.？你介意做某事吗？【回答】(1).同意对方的建议时，一般用 Good idea./Thats good idea.好主意 OK/All right./Great.好/行/太好了 Yes,please./Id love to.是的/我愿意 I agree with you.我同意你的看法 No problem.没问题 Sure./Of course./Certainly.当然可以 Yes,I think so.对，我也这样想(2).对对方的帮助或要求表示委婉谢绝时，一般用：I dont think so.我认为不是这样 Sorry,I cant.对不起，我不能 Id love to,but我愿意，但恐怕 Im afraid 恐怕2.(1)too many+复数名词 许多 too many people (2)too much+不可数名词 许多 too much homework (3)much too+形容词 太 much too cold3.so conj.因此 (表示因果关系，后面跟表示结果的句子，不与 because 同时使用）4.allow v.允许；准许(1)allow doing sth 允许做某事 We dont allow smoking in our house.我们不允许在家里抽烟。(2)allow sb.（not）to do sth.(不)允许某人做某事 My parents dont allow me to stay up late.我父母不允许我熬夜。Mr.Smith allowed Mike to drive there.史密斯先生允许迈克开车去那里。(3)be allowed to do sth.被允许做某事(4)allow 与 let 的辨析：allow 指允许，表示默许，听任，不加阻止 let 指让，let sb.do sth.让某人做某事，语意较弱，多用于口语中，let 不能用于被动语态。5.Whats wrong(with sb./sth.)（某人/物）怎么了？6.go to sleep 去睡觉(强调“入睡，睡着”这一动作）fall asleep 睡觉(强调“入睡，睡着”这一状态）7.look 看起来（系动词，后跟形容词作宾语）系动词：后跟 adj.作表语一是：（be）am/is/are be quiet=keep quiet 保持安静二保持：stay/keep（表示持续状态）stay healthy=keep healthy 保持健康三变化：become/get/turn （表示状态变化）五起来：sound/look/smell/taste/feel（表示感觉）8.call up(v+adv)call on 拜访；号召9.find sb.doing sth.发现某人正在做某事 Mr.Wang found Li Dong reading a storybook in the class.类似动词：hear，watch,see,feel10.look through 浏览 翻阅 仔细看 look for 寻找 look after=take care of 照看 look like 看起来像 look the same 看起来一样 look over 检查,复习 look through 温习,检查 look out 小心,从里向外看 look up 向上看,查单词 look around 环视 look forward to 期望 11.angry adj.生气的 angrily adv.生气地(1)be angry with sb.=be mad at sb.对某人生气【with 后接人】(2)be angry at/about sth.对某事感到生气【at 后接事】(3)be angry to do sth.做某事感到生气 My father was very _(对生气)his computer.He hit the computer _(angry)12.although=though 尽管,用来引导让步状语从句。though/although 不能与 but 连用although/however 辨析(1)although conj 虽然；即使；纵然，引导让步状语从句时放在主句前后都可。Although he is very old,yet he is quite strong.他虽然年纪大了，但身体还很健壮。(2)however adv 然而 尽管如此 插入语，起连词作用，一般用逗号与句子分开，可放在句首或句中 Its raining hard,however,I think we should go out.雨下的很大，尽管如此，我认为我们还应该出去。13.big deal 表示重要的事情或状况，多用于非正式交流。否定:Its not a big deal=Its no big deal.没有什么了不起;没什么大不了；不是什么大事（常用于口语中）Its a big deal.这事挺重要的。Whats the big deal?有什么了不起的？14.hope v 希望 (1)hope to do sth.I hope to visit Guilin.(2)hope+that 从句（表示希望）I hope that youll be better soon(3)wish v 希望 wish to do sth.I wish to visit Guilin.wish sb.to do sth.希望某人做某事 I wish you to go.wish+that 从句 表示愿望，从句用虚拟语气 I wish I were you.15.work out 解决；成功地发展，后跟 fine,well,badly 等词，表明产生的结果如何。(1)计算出（答案、数量、价格等）The math problem is too difficult for me to work out(2)制定出（计划等）,设计出 I have worked out a new way of doing it.(3)解决；找出的答案 The government has many problems to work out.(4)work for 为做事，为尽力，被雇佣者16.get on with sb.=get along with sb.和某人和睦相处；和某人关系良好 get on well/badly with 相处的好/坏 get on=get along 进展，进步 How are you getting on these days?你近来生活如何？17.argue v 争吵 argument n 争论 have an argument with sb.与某人辩论(1)argue with sb 与某人争吵 argue with sb about/over sth.为某事与某人争吵(2)argue about sth.争论某事(3)argue against 争辩；反对 He argued against the plan(4)argue for 为辩护 The lawyer argues for the poor man.18.hang over 挂在.之上；悬浮在.之上(1)hang out 闲逛；常去某处 He likes reading and he often hangs out in the bookshop.(2)hang on to 紧紧抓住 Youd better hang on to me in the crowd.(3)hang up 挂电话；悬挂 After she finished her conversation19.elder/older elder adj.年纪较长的 His elder brother is ill.(1)elder 表示兄弟姐妹及子女之间的长幼关系，表示“前辈的”、“年纪较长的”，仅用于同一家庭成员的比 较;older 则不限于此。older 泛指新旧、老幼或年龄的大小关系，是 old 的比较级形式。My younger son is five and my elder son is nine。我的小儿子 5 岁，大儿子 9 岁。Tom is two years older than I.汤姆比我年长两岁。(2)elder 在句中只用作定语，不作表语；older 两者皆可。My elder sister does her homework all by herself.我的姐姐独自做作业。His elder son got married last week.他的长子是上星期结婚的。I think his mother is older.我认为他的母亲年龄大引起。(3)elder 只能用来指人；older 既可修饰人，也可修饰物。My elder brother joined the army when he was only fifteen.我哥年仅 15 就参了军。This dog is older than any other dogs here.这条狗在这里是最老的一条。I have a sister older than myself.我有位比我大的姐姐。20.be nice to sb.对某人友好 be friendly to sb.be good to sb.21.refuse=say no to v 拒绝 refuse to do sth.拒绝去做某事22.instead 代替，反而，却(1)instead adv 代替，句首或句尾,表示前面的事情没做，而做了后面的事情。Lee was ill so I went instead.李病了，所以我去了。Instead he watches whatever he wants until late at night.(2)instead of 代替 而不是，是介词短语 后接名词、代词、介词短语或动名词形式,放在句中 Instead of going to Qingdao Im going to Dalian this year.今年我打算去大连，而不去青岛。She wrote to him instead of calling him.=She didnt call him.She wrote to him instead.她没有给他打电话，而是给他写了封信。23.whatever pron.任何；无论什么=no matter what Whatever I suggest,he always disagrees.无论我提什么建议，他都不同意。(1)whatever 作连接代词或连接副词引导让步状语从句，无论，不管 此时=no matter what,位置前后置都可。(2)whatever 还可引导名词性从句，同时起先行词和关系代词的作用=anything that 或 all that，有任何一切这 类意思。此时不能用 no matter what 替换。(3)no matter+疑问词结构与疑问词+ever 在用法上的区别 no matter+疑问词结构,只能引导让步状语从句=疑问词+ever 疑问词+ever 还可引导名词性从句 No matter where he may be（=Wherever he may be）,he will be happy.(4)时态 由 no matter what/who/where/when引导的从句往往用一般现在时或一般过去时。No matter who you are,you must obey the rules.无论你是谁，都应该遵守规则。24.offer v.主动提出；自愿给予 侧重主动或愿意给予，主动提出做某事(1)offer to do sth.主动提出做某事(2)offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.主动提供给某人某物 She offered me a cup of tea.她给我端了杯茶。He offered to go instead of me.他主动提出代替我去。25.secondly adv.第二；其次municate v 交流 沟通 communication n 交流；沟通 communicate with sb.和某人交流 They communicate with each other by QQ.27.explain v 解释；说明 explanation n 解释；说明 (1)explain sth.to sb.向某人解释某事。(2)explain to sb.sth.给某人解释某事(3)explain+that/what/why 等从句 Can you explain what this means?你能解释一下这个的意思吗？Please explain it to me.请你向我解释一下吧。28.be worried about sth.担心某事 worry v 担心 worried adj.焦急的 worry about=be worried about 为担心29.return v(1)归还=give back return.to.=give back to.把.还给.(2)回来；返回=come back 30.be afraid of sth/sb 害怕某人/某物 be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事，侧重主语“担心、害怕”某事发生 be afraid to do sth 侧重于“不敢做某事”be afraid that-从句 害怕，多用于客气地提出个人意见或看法Section B1.press v 按；压 pressure 压力(1)不可数名词（物理学）压力 air pressure 气压 blood pressure 血压(2)不可数名词 还可指精神上、外界施加的压力=stress under pressure 在压力下pete v 竞争；对抗 competition n 竞争(1)compete with sb.和某人竞争(2)compete against/with 与竞争(3)compete for 为参加比赛We are ready for the coming _(compete).3.improve=make.better 改进 improvement n 提高4.opinion n 意见；想法；看法 (1)in ones opinion 以某人的观点；在某人看来 (2)give opinions about sth.给出关于某事的观点5.some time/sometime/some times/sometimes【口诀】分开是一段，合起是某时；分开 s 是倍次，合起 s 是有时(1)some time 一段时间，做时间状语 It takes sb.some time to do sth.做某事花费某人多长时间(2)sometime adv 在某个时候，(3)some times 名词词组，几次，几倍 Mr.Green went to Sanya some times last summer.(4)sometimes=at times 有时（一般现在时的标志词）6.others pron.其他的人或事物 There are other ways of doing it.做这事还有其他的办法。7.Thy Taylors 泰勒一家。在姓氏复数前加冠词 the 表示全家人或夫妻两人，用时注意主语和谓语保持一致。The Blacks are getting ready for the holiday.8.typical 典型的 be typical of 是的特点9.cut out 删除；删去(v+adv)Youd better cut out that sentence.cut up 切碎 cut down 砍到 cut in 插队,插话 cut off 切断（水、电）供应10.successful adj 成功的successfully adv 成功地 succeed v 成功，达到 success n 成功 succeed in doing sth 11.Its time for sth 是到做某事的时候了。Its time for lunch.Its time to do sth Its time to go to school.12.continue v 继续；持续 continue doing sth=go on doing sth 继续做某事(前后做同一件事)continue to do sth=go on to do sth 继续做某事（前后不是同一件事）(1)continue v.继续，持续，指进程在时间或空间上的延续，强调持续不断，也可指短暂停止后继续进行。He continue the work for two days.他连续两天都在做这项工作。(2)go on 指无间歇或有间歇地继续，或以某种特定方式继续。go on to do sth 继续做某事，指开始做另外一件事 go on doing sth 继续做原来所做的事情。After doing his homework,he went on to preview his lessons.(3)last v.持续，延续，维持，指某事物继续存在或某种现象在时间上延续，说明某一动作要延续一段时间。She wont last long in that job.那个工作她做不了多久。13.send sent sent v 发送 send away 赶走 send for 派人去请 send off 寄出 send out 分发 send up 发射 send sb.sth=send sth to sb.送给某人某物 类似动词：show(展示；给看)give(给)lend(借出)offer（提供）return（归还）tell（告诉）14.kind (1)n 种类 kind of+adj.有点，有几分 a kind of 一种的，某种的 all kinds of 各种各样的 different kinds of 不同种类的 What kind of?那种(2)adj.友好的 be kind to sb.=be good to sb.=be friendly to sb.对某人友好(3)kind of 单独用，有点，后接形容词或副词：He is kind of thin.他有点瘦”I feel kind of hungry.我有点饿 Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly.王叔叔说得有点快。(4)若 kind of 前有 a,this,that,what 等，种，种类 后加名词。That kind of question is difficult to answer.那类问题难回答。What kind of sport do you like best?你最喜欢何种运动？15.have time to do sth 有时间做某事 pare A with B 将 A 和 B 比较(1)comparewith 把与.做比较 侧重指两者间的区别。(2)compareto 把.比做着重注意两者间的相似点。(3)compared withto 状语，位于句首，句中 Compare this car with that one,and you will find the differences between them This song compares our country to a big family这首歌把我的国家比作一个大家庭。17.good(better;best)adj.好的 goodness n 好处；善行；美德(1)be good for 对.有益处（反）be bad for 对有害处(2)be good at+n/doing=do well in+n/doing 擅长于做某事(3)be good to sb.=be kind to=be friendly to sb.对某人友好 The boy is good _me.He is good_English,and he tells me oral practice is good _improve spoken English.18.development n 发展 Good habits are good for the _(develop)of us teenagers.The _(develop)of science has changed our world a lot.19.cause v.造成，使发生(1)cause sb.to do sth 使某人做某事(2)cause sb.for sb.给某人添麻烦(3)cause,reason,excuse 辨析cause n.原因，指引起某种结果的“原因”，后接介词 of.The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast.事故的原因是他开车开的太快。reason n.理由，原因，指决定做某事或采取某项行动的理由。The reason he was driving so fast was that he didnt want to miss an important meeting.excuse n.辩解，借口，指对某种行为所做的解释，可以是真的，也可以是托词。He made a good excuse for his driving.他为自己开快车找了一个堂皇的借口。20.in ones opinion 以某人的观点；在某人看来21.perhaps 也许；可能 perhaps，probably，possibly，maybe 辨析(1)perhaps 也许，可能，一般指比较小的可能性。Perhaps I will see him the day after tomorrow,but I am not sure.也许我后天去看他，不过我不能确定。(2)probably 很可能，大概，其可能性最大，表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。He will probably refuse the offer.他很可能会拒绝这份提议。(3)possibly 可能，或许，也许，可能性较大。Ill see you today,or possibly tomorrow.我今天要见你，不过也可能是明天。(4)maybe 或许，大概，主要用于非正式场合，常用在口语中，语气比 perhaps 轻。Maybe you put the letter in your basket.或许你把信放在你的篮子里了。22.crazy.adj.不理智的；疯狂的(在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语)be crazy about 对着迷；热衷于 Im crazy about football.23.Its+adj.(easy,difficult,important,necessary)+(for sb.)to do sth(1)若形容词表示事物特征的，easy,difficult,hard,important 等，须用介词 for【形容物，用 for】Its+adj(kind,honest,friendly,)+(of sb)to do sth.(2)若形容词表示人的性格、品质与特点，good,kind,nice,wrong 等，用介词 of。【形容人用 of】24.keep on doing 继续做某事 keep sb.doing sth 让某人一直做某事 keep up with 跟上 keep sb.from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 keep away from 避开 重点区分：1.so that 因此，引导目的状语从句，一般放在主句后，且不用逗号隔开。表示前一句所表述的动作的目或 动机（是一种可能性），而非事实。因此，在从句中常使用 can/could/will/may/should 等词。I got up early so that I could catch the early bus.我起得早，以便能赶上早班车。You must go now so that you wont be late.2.so that 如此以至于，常用于结果状语从句，表示上文动作所产生结果，陈述的是客观事实，常常 不带情态动词。He studied hard so that he passed the exam.他努力学习，结果通过了考试。3.though 尽管但是，不能说，thoughbut。although 和 though 引导让步状语从句时，常采用省略形式。Although tired(=Although he was tired),he kept on working.虽然很疲劳，但他继续工作。The problem,though complicated(=though it is complicated),can be solved without much difficulty.though 引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而 although 从句则不能。Bravely though they fought,they had no chance of winning.虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机会获胜。Poor though I am,I can afford it.我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。Child though he was,he did quite well.他虽是孩子，但干得很好。4.连词 until,till 用哪一个的关键在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：(untill:直到.为止)I slept until midnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用 before 代替）否定句：(untill:直到.才)She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.她直到 6 点才到。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后，我才会做。until 用于否定句中，表示句子的动作直到 until 短语所表示的时间才开始发生，即表示动作的起点。一般直到才until 可用于句首，而 till 通常不用于句首。Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。5.should 情态动词，表示劝告、建议，应该，和其他情态动词一样，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，情态动词，表示劝告、建议，应该，和其他情态动词一样，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，其否定形式为其否定形式为 shouldnt。Maybe she should say sorry to you.也许她应该跟你说声对不起。6.could 情态动词情态动词 could 既是既是 can 的过去式，表示过去的能力，又可以表示谨慎、客气的建议，后接动词的过去式，表示过去的能力，又可以表示谨慎、客气的建议，后接动词 原形，其否定形式为原形，其否定形式为 couldnt。My grandfather could drive well even at the age of eighty.我的祖父甚至到了 80 岁任然能很好地驾车。You could go out and buy her some medicine.你可以出去给他买些药。7.状语从句 在句子中作状语的从句。状语从句有时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状 语从句、目的状语从句等。本单元重点讲述以下三种类型的状语从句。A.until 引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句 until 直到；在直到；在.之前。注意之前。注意 until 和和 not.until 在用法上的区别在用法上的区别 until：在带有 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句里,如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动 词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是直到才,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob come Dont get off until the bus stops.Continue in this direction until you see a sign.一直朝着这个方向走直到你看见一个指示牌。I didnt wake up until I heard the alarm clock.直到听到闹钟的铃声我才醒来。B.so that 引导的目的状语从句引导的目的状语从句 so that 连词，为的是，以便，引导目的状语从句。连词，为的是，以便，引导目的状语从句。注意注意 so that,in order that 和和 in order to 在用法上的区别。在用法上的区别。Let me take down your telephone number so that I can call you later.让我记下你的号码，为的是以后好打电话给你。C.although 引导的状语从句引导的状语从句although 的用法意思相当于的用法意思相当于 though（尽管，虽然）（尽管，虽然），用来引导让步状语从句。它所引导的从句不能与并列，用来引导让步状语从句。它所引导的从句不能与并列连词连词 but，and，so 等连用，但可以和等连用，但可以和 yet，still 等词连用。等词连用。Although the book was old,we decided to buy it.尽管这本书很旧，我们还是决定买。Although he was tired,he went on working.尽管很累，他还是继续工作。Although he had only entered the contest for fun,he won first prize.尽管他参加这次竞赛只不过是闹着玩而已，却赢得了头等奖。