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1、高一物理名词概念规律集合(中英文对照) 力学 力学 mechanics 力 force 力是物体间的作用 Force is the interaction of objects. 力的图示 force diagram 力有大小和方向 A force has both a magnitude and a direction. 牛顿 Newton 动力和阻力 motive force and resistance 重力 gravitational force 重量 weight 弹簧秤 a spring balance 重心 ce
2、nter of gravity or gravitational center 质量分布均匀的物体（匀质物体）,重心的位置只跟物体的形状有关 For a body with homogeneously distributed mass (homogeneous body）， the location of its gravitational center depends on its shape. 弹力 elastic force 拉力，压力和支持力 full, pressure and supporting force 形变 deformation 弹性限度 el
3、astic limit 拉伸形变,压缩形变，弯曲形变，扭转形变 stretched deformation， pressed deformation, bending deformation, twist deformation 压力的方向垂直于支持面指向被压的物体，支持力的方向垂直于支持面指向被支持的物体 The direction of a pressure is perpendicular to the supporting surface and points to the pressed object， while the direction of a supporting
4、 force is perpendicular to the supporting surface but points to the supported object。 胡克定律 Hook’s law： The extension of a piece of wire is directly proportional to the applied force providing the limit of proportionality is not exceeded. 摩擦力 frictional force 滑动摩擦力 sliding frictional force
5、滑动摩擦力的方向总是跟接触面相切，并且跟物体相对运动的方向相反 The direction of the sliding frictional force is always tangential to the surfaces in contact and is opposite to the direction of the relative motion。 滑动摩擦力跟压力成正比 The sliding frictional force is directly proportional to the pressure. 动摩擦因数 the dynamic friction f
6、actor 滚动摩擦 rolling friction 静摩擦力 static frictional force 静摩擦力的方向总是跟接触因相切，并且跟物体相对运动趋势的方向相反 The direction of the static frictional force is always tangential to the contacting surfaces and is in the opposite direction to the tendency of the relative motion。 最大静摩擦力 the maximum static frictio
7、nal force 力的合成 composition of forces 合力 resultant (force) 共点力 concurrent forces： If a number of forces act on the same point of an object, or their lines of application intersect at a common point， the forces are called the concurrent forces. 力的等效替代 equivalent and substitution of force
8、平行四边行定则 the parallelogram rule 矢量和标量 Vector and Scalar 力的分解 resolution of force 分力 component 运动学 机械运动 mechanical motion 参考系 reference system 质点 mass point 轨迹 locus 直线运动 rectilinear motion 曲线运动 curvilinear motion 时刻和时间 moment and time interval 位移和路程 displacement a
9、nd distance 匀速直线运动 uniform rectilinear motion: If an object is moving along a straight line and travels an equal distance in an equal time intervals, this motion is called uniform rectilinear motion。 位移—时间图像 distance-tine graph 变速直线运动 variable straight—line motion 速度和速率 velocity and spee
10、d 平均速度和瞬时速度 Average velocity and instantaneous velocity 速率 instantaneous speed or speed 速度—时间图像 velocity—time graph 匀变速直线运动 uniform variable rectilinear motion: If the changes of the velocity are equal in equal time in variable rectilinear motion， the motion is called uniform variable re
11、ctilinear motion。 加速度 acceleration 初速度 initial velocity 末速度 final velocity 自由落体运动 free—fall motion 自由落体加速度,重力加速度 free-fall acceleration or gravitational acceleration 牛顿运动定律 Newton’s laws of motion 牛顿第一定律 Newton’s first law of motion: All objects continue to be in its state of un
12、iform rectilinear motion or state of rest until being compelled to change its states by some forces。 牛顿第二定律 Newton’s second law of motion: The acceleration of an object is in direct proportion to the resultant force acting on it and in inverse proportion to the mass, the acceleration is in the sa
13、me direction as the resultant。 牛顿第三定律 Newton’s third law of motion： The action and reaction forces of two bodies are always equal in magnitude， opposite in direction and acting on the same straight line。 惯性 inertia: The inertia of a body only depends on its mass。 理想实验 hypothetical experimen
14、ts 运动学 kinematics 动力学 dynamics 气垫导轨 air cushion guide 基本单位和导出单位 fundamental units and derived units 超重和失重，完全失重 overweight and weightlessness,complete weightlessness 共点力作用下物体的平衡 equilibrium of an object acted on by concurrent forces 力的平衡 equilibrium of the forces 圆周运动 物体做曲线运动的条
15、件 the condition for a body to be in curvilinear motion： When the direction of the net force a body experiences and the direction of the velocity of the body do not fall in the same straight line, the body is in curvilinear motion. 运动的合成与分解 composition and resolution of motion 分运动与合运动 compone
16、nt motions and resultant motion 合位移与分位移 resultant displacement and component displacement 合速度与分速度 resultant velocity and component velocity 平抛运动 motion of horizontally projected objects 平抛运动 projectile motion: If you throw an object horizontally with a certain initial velocity， neglectin
17、g air resistance, the body will move with only the force of gravity acting on it. Such motion is called projectile motion. An projectile motion can be resolved into a horizontal uniform rectilinear motion and a vertical free-fall motion。 匀速圆周运动 uniform circular motion: If a particle, moving al
18、ong a circle， passes an equal arc in equal time, this motion is called uniform circular motion。 线速度,角速度，周期和频率 linear velocity, angular velocity, period and frequency 转速 rotational speed （its unit is revolutions per second） 向心力 centripetal force 向心加速度 centripetal acceleration 切向加速度 tang
19、ential acceleration 离心现象 centrifugal phenomenon 离心运动 centrifugal motion 天一运动 万有引力定律 the law of universal gravitation: Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the s
20、quared distance between them。 引力常量 gravitational constant 天体 celestial body 人造卫星 artificial satellite 宇宙速度 (the first/ second/ third）cosmic velocity 功和能 功和能 work and energy 机械能 mechanical energy 焦耳 joule 正功和负功 positive work and negative work 功率 power 瓦特 watt 平均功率与瞬时
21、功率 average power and instantaneous power 动能与势能 kinetic energy and potential energy 动能定理 theorem of kinetic energy： The work done by the resultant force on a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body. 重力势能 gravitational potential energy 参考平面 reference level 弹性势能 elasti
22、c potential energy 位能 energy of position 机械能守恒定律 the law of conservation of mechanical energy： When only the gravitational force does work, the kinetic and the gravitational potential energy can be converted form one to another and the total mechanical energy remains conserved。 机械振动 机械振动 me
23、chanical vibration 弹簧振子 spring oscillator 回复力 restoring force 振幅、周期和频率 amplitude， period and frequency 固有频率 inherent frequency 振动图像 vibration graph 单摆 Simple pendulum 阻尼振动 damped vibration 简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 受迫振动 forced vibration 物体做受迫振动时，振动稳定后的频率等于驱动力的频率,跟物体的固有频率无关。 Whe
24、n a body undergoes a forced vibration, its steady vibration frequency equals the frequency of the driving force and it is independent of its inherent frequency。 共振 resonance The amplitude of the forced vibration increases when the frequency of the driving force is close to the inherent frequency o
25、f the object。 Such a phenomenon is called resonance。 驱动力 driving force 共鸣 sound resonance 机械波 波 wave 无线电波 radio waves 机械波 mechanical waves 电磁波 electromagnetic waves 声波 sound waves 地震波 Seismic waves 波的形成和传播 the formation and transmission of waves 横波和纵波 transverse waves and longitudinal waves 波峰和波谷 crest and trough 密部和疏部 compression part and rarefaction part 介质 media 波的图像或波形图、波形曲线 the graph of a wave or waveform graph/curve 简谐波 a simple harmonic wave 波长 wavelength 频率 frequency 波速 wave velocity 5 / 5
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