电大计算机辅助期末复习考试小抄终结版.doc

电大计算机辅助期末复习考试小抄
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1. 现代产品设计需要经历的几个环节（需求分析和可行性研究）（概念设计）（初步设计）（详细设计）（试制与测试）（设计定型）（设计完善）
2. CAD技术的未来发展集中体现在（集成化）（网络化）（智能化）（标准化）
3. CAD系统的软件分为（系统软件）（支撑软件）（应用软件）三个层次
4. CAD系统按其硬件组成分类，目前主要使用的有（主机系统）（小型机系统）（工作站系统）（微机系统）（基于网络的微机—工作站系统）
5. 三次B样条曲线可完成（拐点）（直线）（构造尖点）（磨平尖点）等特殊处理
6. 在研究自由曲线时常用到（点）（插值）（逼近）（光顺）（拟合）这些基本术语
7. 常用的软件工程过程模型（瀑布模型）（原型模型）（增量模型）（螺旋模型）
8. CAD系统按工作方法及功能大致分为（检索性）（自动型）（交互性）（智能型
）
9. CAD的英文全称Computer Aided Design
10. 几何造型系统分为（线框造型）（曲面造型）（实体造型）
11. 工程数据中数表的计算机处理方法（数表程序化）（一元函数插值）（二元函数插值）
12. 实体造型数据结构常用的有（CSG树型结构）（边界表示数据结构）(空间分割模型 结构）
13. 体素之间的集合运算（又称布尔运算）分为（并）（交）（差）运算
14. 在CAD系统中，接口可以认为是系统内部之间或者系统内外之间信息交换的（一种共享逻辑界面），即信息交流的（一种约定或一种标准）
15. 计算机辅助设计是指利用（计算机软件硬件系统）辅助工程技术人员对产品或工程进行（设计）（分析）（修改）以及交互式显示输出的一种方法，是一门多学科的综合应用技术。
16. 常用的输入控制方式（请求）（取样）（事件）3种
17. （计算机图形处理技术）是CAD技术的核心与基础
18. 按其发展历史，几何造型系统分为（线框造型系统）（曲面造型系统）（实体造型系统）
19. CAD技术是(前提和基础)，CAM技术是(目的)
20. 工作站(UNIX工作站)(windows工作站)
21. 在三维空间中定义几何形体时可采用3中坐标系(世界坐标系)(造型坐标系)(观察坐标系)
简述
1. CAD技术中数据交换方式：①专用数据格式交换方式（点对点交换）②采用标准数据格式的中性文件交换方式（星式交换）③统一的产品数据模型交换方式
2. 计算机处理技术基础:①图形处理的数学基础②图形程序库③坐标系④窗口与视图⑤图形的裁剪与消隐⑥二维三维图形变换
3. 计算机图形标准:通常是指图形系统及其相关应用系统中各界面进行数据传送和通信的接口标准以及供图形应用程序调用的子程序功能及其格式标准
4. 现代产品设计全生命周期性的概念：产品设计是一个“设计-评价-再设计”的反复迭代过程，在产品的整个生命周期中，设计定型并不意味着设计工作的结束，只要产品还在生产和销售，就必将反馈大连的用户信息和生产制造信息，并要求对产品不断进行修改。
5. 线框造型（用直线圆圆弧等空间棱线构造三维物体的方法）的特点：优点：结构简单 ，易于理解。缺点：构造出的几何形体易产生不确定性
6. 曲面造型特点:优点①所描述的零件范围比线框造型广泛②便于进行工程分析和技术加工 缺点:形体表述不完整
7. 实体造型优越性:①用实体造型的方法所构造的形体，数据表述最为完整，真正实现了工程分析和数据加工的要求②实体造型不仅记录了全部几何信息，而且记录了全部点、线、面、体、的拓补信息③通过看色、光照、及纹理处理等技术的应用，使实体造型具有很好的可视性
8. CAD系统选型的基本要素①软件选型②运行环境的选型③价格策略
9. 选择CAD系统的原则：①软件系统的选择优于硬件且应具有优越的性能②硬件系统应该符合国际工业标准③整个软硬件系统运行可靠，维护简单，性能价格比优越④具有良好的售后服务体系⑤供应商应该有良好的信誉，可以提供培训，故障排除及其他增值服务。
10. CAD系统的硬件组成有主机，输入设备，输出设备，信息存储设备，网络设备，多媒体设备等组成。
11. CAD系统软件包括：操作软件，编译软件。CAD支撑软件包括：图形处理软件，工程分析与计算软件，模拟仿真软件，数据库管理系统，计算机网络工程软件，文档制作软件。
12. CAD技术的特点：①CAD技术是多学科综合性应用技术②CAD技术是现代设计方法和手段的综合体现③CAD技术是人的创造性思维活动同基于计算机系统的有机结合
13. CAD技术的应用：①绘制二维三维工程图②建立图形及符号库③参数化设计④三维造型⑤工程分析⑥生成设计文档或报表
14. CAD技术的优点①提高设计效率②提高设计质量③便于产品标准化系列化④在设计阶段可预估产品的特性⑤易于实现网络化设计⑥为实现CAM提供了基础⑦使产品快速进入市场
15. CAD技术的缺点①一次性投入资金较大②对工程技术人员的素质和技能要求较高

16. CAD软件开发的主要步骤：①可行性研究与项目开发计划②软件需求分析③软件设计④代码实现⑤软件测试⑥运行与维护
17. 在CAD作业中如何处理工程手册中的设计资料，方法有：①程序化方法②文件化处理方法③数据库管理方法
18. CAD技术中的交互任务：①选择②定位③定向④定路径⑤定量⑥文本⑦三维交互⑧组合交互 交互技术：①选择技术②定位技术③定路径技术④定量技术⑤文本技术⑥橡皮筋技术⑦徒手画技术⑧拖动技术
19. 什么是产品设计：所谓设计，是指根据使用要求确定产品应具备的功能，构思产品的工作原理，总体布局，运动方式，力和能量的传递，结构形式，产品形状，以及色彩，材质，工艺人机工程等事项，并转化为工程描述，以此作为制造的依据
20. 齐次坐标:是指用一个n+1维向量表示一个n维向量
21. 设备驱动程序:是一系列与设备相关的代码，他直接控制图形设备的显示处理单元 缺点:可移植性差，可读性差
22. 图形的裁剪：通过正确的识别图形在窗口的内外部分，裁减掉位于窗口外的图形部分，仅保留位于窗口内的图形部分，这种选择可见图形信息的方法称为裁剪。
23. 图形的消隐：消隐指消除隐藏线和隐藏面，其目的是消除物体显示的二义性。
24. 几何造型系统:通常，把能够定义、描述、生成几何模型，并能够进行交互编辑处理的系统。
25. 实体造型的造型功能:①通过基本体素造型②通过体素之间的几何运算造型③高级造型
26. Bezier曲线的性质:端点性质，对称性， 凸包性，几何不变性
27. Bezier曲线的缺点:①当特征多边形的顶点 分布不均匀，参数t在曲线上对应的分布也不均匀② Bezier曲线的形状与定义它的特性多边形相距甚远，③改变特征多边形的一个顶点将影响整条曲线
请您删除一下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a café where dinner and afternoon tea are available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.
Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercial fashion photo shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place that’s more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot of movies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. "Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because it’s the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. It’s like a family tradition," says Wang Xuefen a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. "Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle," says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. "Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didn’t know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall," says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. "So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area," she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famous former Saint John’s University China’s first-ever modern institution of higher education established by missionaries from the United States in 1879. The buildings combine Chinese and Western elements. Address: 1575 Wanhangdu Road, Changning district The old residential area After you leave the university from its east gate you will enter a shabby neighborhood that retains its original look. The alleys are narrow and the houses are overcrowded. Some things have not changed for many generations, such as raising chickens at home. Address: West Guangfu Road Moganshan Road This is an artsy street that has become very popular among artists and fashionistas in recent years. Graffiti covers the walls on the winding street, where you can find a cluster of art galleries and creative industry offices. Sihang Warehouse  Four banks jointly funded the construction of this warehouse, so it is named sihang, or four banks. The warehouse, built in 1931, was used for the storage of food, first-aid supplies and ammunition during the years of war. The building, which is also a masterpiece left by the Hungarian architect Laszlo Hudec in the 1930s, has been recently transformed into a center of creative industry workshops. Address: 1 Guangfu Road, Zhabei district

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