将自动驾驶融入交通系统：沙特阿拉伯案例研究（英）.pdf

Integrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case StudyW H I T E P A P E RA U G U S T 2 0 2 4Images:Getty Images 2024 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ContentsForeword 3Executive summary 41 Integrating autonomous mobility into global transport systems 52 The challenge:The path from pilot to full autonomous mobility deployment 62.1 Regulatory sandboxes and other policy tools to aid mobility 6 technology deployment 2.2 Accelerating autonomous mobility:A four-step framework 7 for success3 Saudi Arabia case study:Autonomous mobility as part of the national vision 93.1 Context and strategic objectives 103.2 Framework implementation 11Conclusion 17Contributors 18Acknowledgements 19Endnotes 21Integrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case Study2ForewordIntegrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case StudyAugust 2024As we navigate through the advancements of the 21st century,integrating autonomous mobility into our global transport systems stands out as a pivotal development.According to McKinsey,advances in autonomous driving,electrification,connectivity and shared mobility are projected to drive significant growth.1 This transformative potential underscores the impact autonomous mobility is poised to have on the transport sector,enhancing safety,reliability and efficiency in the movement of people and goods.As the need for cohesive and innovative strategies is more pressing than ever,this white paper aims to offer a framework to support these efforts,with Saudi Arabia serving as a key case study.Saudi Arabias Vision 2030 is a bold and ambitious strategy designed to diversify the nations economy and elevate the public service sectors,with a significant emphasis on transport infrastructure.The Visions detailed strategies,including the National Transport and Logistics Strategy(NTLS)and the Autonomous Mobility Strategy(AMS),aim to position Saudi Arabia as a global logistics hub and a leader in autonomous mobility.The global landscape provides valuable lessons on the transformation of the mobility sector.Cities in the United States,Europe and Asia serve as benchmarks,having made significant advances in autonomous vehicle testing and deployment.However,several challenges remain when it comes to large-scale deployment,and it is essential that the implementation of these technologies is part of a long-term policy vision with clear objectives.The framework proposed in this paper seeks to address these challenges through a unified approach,integrating regulatory sandboxes with autonomous mobility testing environments and including a feedback loop.This will help create a seamless connection between regulation and deployment,fostering collaboration and minimizing redundancy,such as duplicated autonomous testing efforts and inefficient use of resources.Sebastian Buckup Head of Network and Partnerships;Member of the Executive Committee,World Economic Forum,SwitzerlandBasma AlBuhairan Managing Director,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution,Saudi ArabiaIntegrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case Study3Executive summaryAutonomous mobility be it on land,on sea or in the air is poised to transform global transport.Autonomous vehicles(AVs),as a key component of this transformation,exemplify how such technologies can enhance safety,reliability and efficiency in the movement of people and goods,setting the stage for broader applications in autonomous mobility across various modes of transport.This white paper explores the pathways for integrating autonomous mobility into existing transport systems,emphasizing the need for innovative regulatory approaches and strategic pilot projects.To help clear the way for autonomous mobility innovation and full deployment,a four-step framework is proposed:(1)regulatory sandbox development;(2)pilot selection;(3)pilot implementation;and(4)scaling.Saudi Arabias journey towards autonomous mobility,rooted in Vision 2030,serves as a case study,illustrating how a national regulatory sandbox can accelerate autonomous mobility.The use of sandboxes can fast-track the development of autonomous mobility deployment by integrating pilot projects with national transport strategies,making sure they contribute significantly to broader transport objectives.The criteria for selecting pilots include regulatory simplification,safety,data protection,technological readiness and public trust,all of which ensure that projects align with key policy objectives.Transparent reporting and comprehensive risk management at pilot selection stage are also important for boosting public confidence and engagement,which are essential for the broad adoption of such technologies.The final step in the framework is scaling beyond the pilot.Scaling successful pilots involves clear exit strategies and continuous monitoring to allow best practices to be replicated and expanded effectively.This process is essential for transitioning from pilot projects to widespread deployment,helping to refine the approach and address any issues that arise during initial implementation.By maintaining a structured framework,stakeholders can better manage the complexities of integrating autonomous mobility solutions and adapt regulations as needed.This approach supports the ongoing evolution and improvement of autonomous mobility technologies,facilitating their sustainable integration into existing transport systems.Integrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case Study4Integrating autonomous mobility into global transport systems 1Specifically,the global market for autonomous vehicles(AVs)is anticipated to drive significant growth in the autonomous market,generating substantial revenue.According to McKinsey,by 2035,autonomous driving could generate between$300 and$400 billion in annual revenue.This substantial economic potential underscores the transformative impact autonomous mobility is poised to have on the transport sector,enhancing safety,reliability and efficiency in how people and goods move.2,3 Autonomous vehicles are a key component of autonomous mobility,exemplifying how such technologies can improve the efficiency of these transport systems and laying the foundations for broader applications in autonomous mobility across various modes of transport.4To realize these projections,several barriers must be overcome.For instance,regulation is not yet fully in place and varies across jurisdictions.Although there is a general understanding of the importance of integrated and interconnected mobility systems,uncertainties remain about how to effectively harness the benefits of integration,connectivity and interoperability.Additionally,when it comes to safety,there is still uncertainty about how these technologies address edge cases rare or unexpected situations that fall outside the scenarios,or operational operating domains(OODs),where autonomous systems have been trained and tested.Not all remaining challenges can be addressed at once,yet every new pilot deployment should contribute to addressing some of these challenges,highlighting the importance of innovative and cohesive piloting and deployment efforts.This white paper aims to foster collaboration among mobility testing activities in order to streamline efforts and minimize redundancy,such as duplicated testing efforts and inefficient resource use,using Saudi Arabia as a case study.It does so by presenting a framework that addresses the remaining challenges through a unified approach,from having a clear regulatory path into piloting(via regulatory sandboxes and autonomous testing environments)to establishing clear pilot testing criteria and success metrics.The autonomous mobility market,encompassing land,sea and air,is projected to become highly valuable in the coming years.Integrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case Study5The challenge:The path from pilot to full autonomous mobility deployment 2While the lack of clarity from pilot to deployment is in part inherently linked to the uncertainties that new deployments bring,it also results from the challenge of including pilots as additional tools to address broad policy goals.The disconnect between pilot projects and long-term transport goals has been emphasized by McAslan et al.5 in their comprehensive assessment of AV pilots across various US cities.There are several issues that make ensuring a stronger connection between pilots and long-term goals a challenge,including:First,the regulatory landscape is often fragmented with different directions and policies at the country,state and city levels.McAslan et al.highlight the importance of having a unified framework for autonomous mobility piloting.Second,the allure of technological advancements can overshadow the rationale behind implementing technology in the first place,which then limits its deployment in the longer term.As Jeffrey Tumlin,Director of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency,put it:“For every new mobility technology that we are pitched in San Francisco,including autonomous vehicles,we ask companies how their tech helps improve our accessibility,safety,inclusivity and decarbonization goals.”6 And third,there are often limited(or no)mechanisms in place to systematically and rapidly adopt pilot learnings in other related ongoing and planned deployments,often resulting in duplicated efforts,missed opportunities for learning and collaboration,and a slower path to the meaningful widespread adoption of these new technologies.To avoid these issues,a cohesive policy that welcomes the responsible implementation of innovation,and which includes a learning loop,is vital.The following is an overview of regulatory approaches to address this and provides a four-step framework to accelerate autonomous mobility pilots and deployments.Autonomous mobility pilots are increasing across all continents,yet the pathway from pilot projects to full deployment remains largely unclear.Policy approaches to fostering innovation in mobility vary widely across the world,from limited and hands-off interventions to those that are strong and hands-on.There are four broad categories outlining how regulators tend to promote innovation and experimentation in new areas,7 which can be applied to support autonomous mobility deployment.(Note that these four categories may overlap.)1.Wait-and-see:A hands-off approach whereby regulators monitor trends before intervening,and they allow innovation to develop with minimal interference 2.Test-and-learn:A regulatory approach that offers a customized framework for a specific business case to operate;this approval can allow for varying degrees of supervision3.Innovation facilitators:The provision of a structured framework that covers the regulatory basis for experimentation in different types of applications or business cases4.Regulatory laws and reforms:The direct introduction of laws and reforms,even if they are temporary and are then adjusted when more information on the innovation is available2.1 Regulatory sandboxes and other policy tools to aid mobility technology deployment Integrating Autonomous Mobility into the Transport System:A Saudi Arabian Case Study6This paper encourages the use of innovation facilitators as a key approach for autonomous mobility innovations,providing a certain level of hands-on governance(given the safety requirements necessary for autonomous mobility deployments in public environments)and allowing for a wide range of applications to come to life.There are different options that fall within the innovation facilitators category,including regulatory sandboxes,innovation hubs,living labs and beta-testing environments.Regulatory sandboxes which provide a gateway for companies to test new technologies and business models with real customers under regulatory supervision,giving additional leeway beyond existing regulations is the approach chosen for the framework in this paper.These sandboxes contribute to the early deployment of new technologies,help build public trust and aid in the collection of valuable insights for devising meaningful regulations that address the larger-scale implementations of the specific technology.It is important to note that the setting up and implementation of regulatory sandboxes can be time-consuming and costly,hence the importance of having clear objectives and expected key results.In recent years,regulatory sandboxes have been widely used to test transport innovations in controlled environments.For example,the UK has established different transport sandboxes,8 including the Zenzic CAM Testbed UK,which provides various controlled environments for testing AVs,9 supporting industry collaboration and helping to address regulatory barriers to ensure safety and performance standards before public deployment.Singapore has established the Centre of Excellence for Testing and Research of Autonomous Vehicles(CETRAN),a regulatory sandbox that allows controlled testing of AV technologies in simulated urban environments.10 CETRAN facilitates safe testing and data collection to inform future regulations and infrastructure planning.This paper presents a four-step framework to accelerate the deployment of autonomous mobility technologies and to address the gap between piloting and scaled deployment.Figure 1 illustrates the four phases:(1)regulatory sandbox development;(2)pilot selection;(3)pilot implementation;and(4)scaling.This structured approach helps initial experiments to be effectively translated into widespread,real-world solutions,facilitating a smoother transition from testing to large-scale implementation.2.2 Accelerating autonomous mobility:A four-step framework for successThe four-step framework for accelerating the deployment of autonomous mobility FIGURE 1ScalingRegulatory sandbox developmentStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Pilot selectionPilot implementationSource:World Economic Forum Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Saudi ArabiaRegulatory sandbox developmentThe first step of the framework puts an enabling regulatory environment in place.The regulatory sandbox approach has been identified as an effective method of fostering innovation across various cases.It should be embedded in an integrated and comprehensive regulatory environm