自考英语二重点语法知识讲解.doc

自考英语二重点语法知识讲解

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重点语法知识讲解

　　1．动词的时态和语态

　　 动词的时态和语态一览表

　　 时态语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时

　　 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done

　　 现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时

　　 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时

　　 主动 被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done

　　 现在完成进行时

　　主动 被动 have been doing

　　1．1 现在完成时

　　发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。

　　现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades

　　1.2 过去完成时

　　过去的过去。

　　1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。

　　　He missed the train.

　　　He said he had missed the train.

　　2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作

　　　 No sooner had he got up than he received the call.

　　3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中

　　　 If I had tried harder, I would have won.

　　　 I wish I had done better in the exam.

　　1.3 完成进行时

　　从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直

　　The water has been running the whole night.

　　1.4 过去时

　　过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。

　　过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词

　　2.1 非谓语动词一览表

　　非谓语动词 形式 意义

　　现在分词

　　一 般 式 doing 主动 , 正在进行

　　被 动 式 being done 被动 , 正在进行

　　完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成

　　完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成

　　动词不定式 　

　　一 般 式 to do 主动 , 将要进行

　　被 动 式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行

　　完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成

　　进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行

　　2.2. 非谓语动词作状语

　　动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语

　　I came here to meet you. （目的）

　　　He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）

　　分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语

　　Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）

　　　Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）

　　　Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）

　　　Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)

　　2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构

　　1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)

　　2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）

　　3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）

　　4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）

　　2.4 非谓语动词作定语

　　1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)

　　2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)

　　3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)

　　4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

　　2.5 动名词和动词不定式

　　作主语和表语

　　动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。

　　Rising early is good for health.

　　　To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.

　　　It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.

　　　My biggest wish is to go abroad.

　　　Seeing is believing.

　　作宾语

　　接动名词作宾语的动词：

　　admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.

　　接动词不定式作宾语的动词：

　　want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：

　　1) forget, remember regret

　　2) stop, continue

　　3) need/ want

　　4) allow doing/ allow sb to do

　　(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.

　　(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?

　　(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.

　　(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3．虚拟语气

　　第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气

　　时间 从句 主句

　　与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do

　　与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done

　　与将来事实相反 were to do should do should/could/would + doIf I were you, I would be happy to do it.

　　　If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.

　　　If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.

　　第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语?/
1) would rather + 从句

　　2) wish + 从句

　　3) if only + 从句

　　4) as if/ as though + 从句

　　5) It’s time + 从句

　　I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.

　　　I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.

　　第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。

　　1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；

　　2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句；

　　3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；

　　4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。

　　It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.

　　　It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.

　　　It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.

　　　He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 4．定语从句和名词性从句

　　4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句

　　引导定语从句

　　1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose

　　2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how

　　名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：

　　1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if

　　2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever…

　　3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how

　　4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别

　　定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。

　　　1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定语从句

　　　2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句

　　4.3 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式?

　　如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。

　　　1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.

　　　2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.

　　4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句

　　which 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as有“正如”的意思，而which没有。

　　　1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 她很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。

　　　2) He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那样，她很容易生气。

　　2.1 强化练习

　　1．动词时态强化练习

　　1. I was hired　(hire) by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.

　　　解析：过去时的被动语态， 标志语：1989。

　　2. However, many people doubt whether this will reduce (reduce) the incidence of abuse.

　　　解析：一般将来时，表示"会减少"的意思。

　　3. Up to that time, the blues had been　(be) an essentially black medium.

　　　解析：过去完成时，标志语：up to that time，表示"过去的过去"。

　　4. Of these 20,000, just under are being　physically, sexually and psychologically abused　(abuse).

　　　解析：现在进行时的被动。

　　5. If you do not　(not, control) it, it will control you.

　　　解析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，可是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中

　　用现在时。

　　6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed　(complete) your study responsibilities.

　　　解析：现在完成时，表示"已经完成"。

　　7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is　(be) a challenge that continues throughout life.

　　　解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。

　　8. The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed　(witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.

　　　解析：一般过去时，标志语：the second half of the nineteenth century。

　　9. All the worries they might have felt for him were driven　drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

　　　解析：一般过去时的被动

　　10. Attempts to break up this old system have been made (make) in every presidential election in the past one hundred years.

　　　解析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：in the past one hundred years。

　　2．非谓语动词强化练习

　　1. The mother didn’t know who to blame　(blame) for the broken glass.

　　　解析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语

　　2. The children brought　(bring) up in this way tend to be healthier.

　　　解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。

　　3. It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused　(focus) on the economy.

　　　解析：过去分词做宾补。

　　4. Putting　(put) food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.

　　　解析：动名词作主语。

　　5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things being　(be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.

　　　解析：现在分词用在独立结构中

　　6. This poem, if translated　(translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.

　　　解析：连词加过去分词作状语

　　7. They may have their passports removed　(remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.

　　　解析：过去分词作宾补

　　8. Her body, with hands and feet bound　(bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.

　　　解析：过去分词用在独立结构中

　　9. I couldn’t help but feel　(feel) this is a very strange life.

　　　解析：couldn't help but 后接动词原形

　　10. Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving　(revolve) round the sun.

　　　解析：现在分词作定语

　　3．虚拟语气强化练习

　　1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we would have been (be) in real trouble.

　　　解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句

　　2. He would have given you more help, if he had not been　(not be) so busy.

　　　解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句

　　3. It is high time that we took　(take) firm measures to protect our environment.

　　　解析：It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式

　　4. It was imperative that students finish　(finish) their papers before July 1st

　　　解析：It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式

　　5. They demanded that the right to vote be given　(give) to every adult person.

　　　解析：demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式

　　6. There was a mistake on my paycheck. I should have received　(receive) $10 more.

　　　解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示"本应该收到"而实际上没有。

　　7. I would rather he bought　( buy) the house next year.

　　　解析：would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。

　　8. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we had met　(meet)them before.

　　　解析：as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。

　　9. Should she come tomorrow, I _________ take her to the museum. 　×　正确答案为C

　　[A] can　　[B] will　　[C] would　　[D] must

　　　解析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。

　　10. If we _________ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 正确答案为A

　　[A] hadn’t got　　[B] didn’t get　　[C] wouldn’t have got　 　[D] wouldn’t get

　　　解析：从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now能够看出），因此变为过

　　去完成时。 4．定语从句和名词性从句强化练习

　　1. Studies have shown _________ teenagers often suffer from depression. 正确答案为A

　　[A] that　　[B] which　　[C] in which　　[D] in that

解析：that 引导宾语从句

2. It is a well-known fact _________ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction. 正确答案为A

　　[A] that　　[B] if　　[C] when　　[D] whether　　　

解析：that 引导同位语从句

　　3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order_________ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. 正确答案为C

　　[A] which　　[B] what　　[C] that　　[D] in that

　　　解析：that 引导同位语从句

　　4. It is not yet known _________ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.

　　　正确答案为A

　　[A] whether　　[B] if　　[C] that　　[D] how

　　　解析：it为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句

　　5. Such attitudes amount to a belief _________ leisure can and should be put to good use. 正确答案为D

　　[A] which　　[B] if　　[C] whether　　[D] that

　　　解析：that 引导同位语从句

　　6. The reason for making a decision is _________ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 　 正确答案为D

　　[A] why　　[B] because　　[C] where　　[D] that

　　　解析：that 引导表语从句

　　7. _________ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 　正确答案为A

　　[A] What　　[B] Whether　　[C] That　　[D] Which

　　　解析：what 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语

　　8. Very few people understood this contract, _________ was very obscure. 　 　正确答案为B

　　[A] the language　　[B] the language of which　　[C] all it said

　　[D] which it had said

　　　解析：the language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语

　　9. Often music was played out of doors, _________ nature provided the environment. 　正确答案为D

　　[A] which　　[B] that　　[C] in which　　[D] where

　　　解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

　　10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, _________, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products. 　正确答案为A

　　[A] where　　[B] which　　[C] as　　[D] that

　　　解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语

　　9. Often music was played out of doors, _________ nature provided the environment. 　正确答案为D

　　[A] which　　[B] that　　[C] in which　　[D] where

　　　解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

　　10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, _________, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products. 　正确答案为A

　　[A] where　　[B] which　　[C] as　　[D] that

　　　解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语