句子成份.pptx

GrammarGrammarsentences第1页/共50页句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（predicate group）句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状同同 第2页/共50页1)主语（主语（subject）I like football.The boy needs a pen.句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任担任,常置于句首。常置于句首。2)谓语（谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。置于主语担任。置于主语后。后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.,动词不定式动词不定式,动名词动名词 或从句或从句名词名词,主格代词主格代词动词动词第3页/共50页3)宾语宾语（object）4)表语表语（predicative）He won the game.On the desk表示表示vt.的动作对象或的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。所联系的对象。置于置于vt.或或prep.后。由后。由n.或相当于或相当于n.的结构担任。的结构担任。Tome lost his life in the big fire.He is a student.He is clever/here.用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.n.、adj.adj.、adv.adv.或或非谓语动词非谓语动词担任。置于系动词之担任。置于系动词之后。后。系动词：系动词：be,keep,stay,become,go,come,feel,look,smell,taste等。等。第4页/共50页5)宾补（宾补（objective complement）补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况 。由。由n./adj./n./adj./介词短语介词短语 /非谓语动词非谓语动词等担任。等担任。They made him king.I consider the book too expensive.6)定语（定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用子，汉语中常用的的表示表示,充当定语的有：充当定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、方位形容词、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、方位副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及从句等。定语副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及从句等。定语 有有前置定语前置定语和和后置定语后置定语，通常位，通常位 于被修饰的成分前，为于被修饰的成分前，为前置定语前置定语。第5页/共50页但若修饰但若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合构成的复合不定代词时不定代词时,（如（如:something、nothing）；或）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后，为则定语通常置后，为后置定语后置定语。副词用作定。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。语时须放在名词之后。a beautiful country the students herea teacher with 20 years experiencea boy called Tom something important()()()()()第6页/共50页1.形容词、名词、代词、数词作定语形容词、名词、代词、数词作定语That is a tall tree.There is something wrong with the radio.Thats an apple tree.Your hair needs cutting.Thirty students attended the party.2.-ing形式作定语形式作定语He bought some sleeping pills.He gave an inspiring speech yesterday.The girl standing on the left is his daughter.第7页/共50页3.过去分词、不定式作定语过去分词、不定式作定语The broken glass is Toms.He bought a TV set made in the factory.Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.I have a lot of work to do today.4.从句作定语从句作定语The man who spoke to you just now is hisfather.I dont like the way he talks.第8页/共50页7)状语（状语（adverbial）用以修饰用以修饰adj./v./adv./prepphr及全句及全句,位置灵活。位置灵活。充当状语的有：副词、介词短语、充当状语的有：副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、（形容词、副词和名词）词组及从句。非谓语动词、（形容词、副词和名词）词组及从句。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时可放在句首；修通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时可放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，地示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：间（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副词通常）的副词通常 位于位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。第9页/共50页I am very sorry.He runs fast.He went to school at the age of 5.He put his pen in the desk.1.副词作状语副词作状语（表方式、程度、或修饰整个表方式、程度、或修饰整个句子）句子）Luckily,he was not badly hurt.This problem is easy enough.2.介词短语作状语介词短语作状语 The plane will take off in a few minutes.She cut the apple with a knife.第10页/共50页3.动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语We are happy to see you back.（原因）（原因）He ran fast to catch the train.（目的）（目的）She woke suddenly to find him stand near the bed.（结果）（结果）4.-ing形式用状语形式用状语Having finished the job,he went to have supper.（时间）（时间）Turning to the left,you will see the library.（条件）5.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语 Given another chance,he will succeed.（条件）（条件）第11页/共50页Practise:分析下面各句中的句子成份1.It is quite entertaining to read these accounts of strange and unusual story.2.2008 is the year when the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing China.3.I was watching the pupils playing basket-ball when you called.()6.从句作状语从句作状语It rained so hard that we had to stay at home.（结果）（结果）Although he is poor in health,he is strong in spirit.（让步）（让步）第12页/共50页1.1.大山里静谧的氛围是我喜爱的。大山里静谧的氛围是我喜爱的。大山里静谧的氛围是我喜爱的。大山里静谧的氛围是我喜爱的。The peaceful atmosphere of the The peaceful atmosphere of the mountains mountains is the thing I love the is the thing I love the most.most.Translation第13页/共50页2.2.参加比赛给我很大的成就感。参加比赛给我很大的成就感。参加比赛给我很大的成就感。参加比赛给我很大的成就感。Participating in the competition Participating in the competition gives me a great feeling of gives me a great feeling of accomplishment.accomplishment.第14页/共50页3.3.在电话上谈话几个小时是我不能理解在电话上谈话几个小时是我不能理解在电话上谈话几个小时是我不能理解在电话上谈话几个小时是我不能理解 的事。的事。的事。的事。Speaking on the phone for hours Speaking on the phone for hours is is something I can not understand.something I can not understand.第15页/共50页4.4.到奥运会上去比赛是我的梦想。到奥运会上去比赛是我的梦想。到奥运会上去比赛是我的梦想。到奥运会上去比赛是我的梦想。To compete at the Olympics To compete at the Olympics is is my dream.my dream.第16页/共50页5.5.她为学校所做的一切使学生和教职她为学校所做的一切使学生和教职她为学校所做的一切使学生和教职她为学校所做的一切使学生和教职员工非常感激。员工非常感激。员工非常感激。员工非常感激。What she did for school What she did for school was greatly was greatly appreciated by the students and appreciated by the students and staff.staff.第17页/共50页句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句第18页/共50页主 +谓（及物）+宾 +宾补主+谓（及物）+间接宾语+直接宾语主 +谓（及物动词）+宾主 +谓（不及物动词）.简单句简单句1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.主+谓（连系动词）+表 第19页/共50页I cant swim.Li Ping is sitting under the tree.The children are playing on the playground.The plane disappeared in the sky.Great changes have taken place in our country recently.Mary didnt answer.What happened there?She left without saying a word.我不会游泳。李平正坐在树下。孩子们在操场上玩。飞机消失在天空中。近几年，我国发生了很大的变化。马丽没回答。那儿发生了什么事？她一言不发就走了。1.1.主主+谓（不及物动词）谓（不及物动词）第20页/共50页常见的系动词有be,become,get,grow,look,turn,feel,taste,smell,seem,remain,sound,keep,fall,appear,go,etc.2.2.主主+谓（连系动词）谓（连系动词）+表表He is a middle school student.He is 16.The smoke grew thicker and thicker.Mr Smiths face turned red.The mixture tastes terrible.The kid fell asleep soon.The meat has gone badHis words sound reasonable.他是个中学生。他16岁。be烟越变越浓。grow斯密斯先生的脸红了。turn混合物很难尝。taste那小孩很快睡着了。fall肉已经变坏了。go他的话听起来有道理。sound第21页/共50页我们爱科学。他正在学英语。她喜欢音乐。王平擅长游泳。汤姆怕蛇。我们过着幸福的生活。他想看那部电影。小英雄停止了呼吸。We love science.He is learning English.She likes music.Wang Ping is good at swimming.Tom is afraid of snake.We are living a happy life.He wants to see that film.The little hero stopped his breath.3.3.主主+谓（及物动词）谓（及物动词）+宾宾第22页/共50页4.4.主主+谓（及物）谓（及物）+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语动词 give,show,tell,lend,write,pass,hand,send,bring,return,sing,make,do,buy,etc.后面常带双宾语。双宾：1）间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）2）直接宾语+for/to+间接宾语第23页/共50页请给我一些面包吃。你能把橡皮借给我吗？他给富人的孩子上课。我父亲买了本辞典给我。他给我看他的通行证。马丽为我们唱了首歌。张老师给我们讲了个故事。恩格斯给他写了封信表扬他。Please give me some bread to eat.Can you lend me your rubber?He gave lessons to the children of the rich.My father bought me a dictionary.He showed me his pass.Mary sang a song for us.Mr Zhang told us a story.Engels wrote him a letter to praise him.第24页/共50页动词make,call,find,think,help,tell,ask,let,see,hear,feel,have,get,keep,etc.后面常接 宾语+宾语补足语 形式宾语 it+宾补+真宾语5.5.主主 +谓（及物）谓（及物）+宾宾 +宾补宾补第25页/共50页他叫他儿子擦窗户。我们必须把教室扫干净。我见他在树上玩。我发现窗碎了。老板让他们整日整夜工作。我认为学习外语很重要。我们把每天读英语作为常规。He asked his son to clean the windows.We must make our classroom cleanI saw him playing in the tree.I found the window broken.The boss had them working all day and all night.We think it important to learn English.We make it a rule to read English every day.第26页/共50页主+谓（及物）+间接宾语+直接宾语主+谓（及物动词）+宾Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.PracticePractice 主 +谓（不及物动词）主+谓（联系动词）+表主 +谓（及物）+宾 +宾补第27页/共50页请扩句请扩句This was a meeting.The girl expressed her wish.We found the hall full.The sun rose.He wrote him a letter.第28页/共50页句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句第29页/共50页 由并列连词引导的两个或两个以上各有主谓的简单句。.并列句并列句常用的连接分句的连接词大致有以下几种：表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then（表示紧接发生的行为）等连接。This is me and these are my friends.He went to Shanghai,and then to Beijing.表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。Its not cheap,but it is very good.Id like to go with you;however,my hands are full.andbuthoweverand then第30页/共50页表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。Hurry up,or youll miss the train.They must stay in water,or they will die.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.We must get rid of carelessness,for it often leads to errors.sofororor第31页/共50页therefore所以，因此（表示因 而产生的结果）It rained;therefore,the football matchwas delayed.therefore在英语中把两个句子合并成一句时，不可在英语中把两个句子合并成一句时，不可单单使用一个逗号连接，必须在逗号后使用单单使用一个逗号连接，必须在逗号后使用and,but,orand,but,or等并列连词，或者在分号或逗等并列连词，或者在分号或逗号后面加上如号后面加上如however,therefore,thenhowever,therefore,then这这类副词。当两个句子在意义上密切相关时，也类副词。当两个句子在意义上密切相关时，也可用可用“；”来连接。来连接。He knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.第32页/共50页3.Im sorry to have to say this,_ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A.and B.but C.soD.because Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A.then B.butC.andD.or三、选择填空：1.Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A.andB.or C.ifD.so2.第33页/共50页6.Mary went to bed early,_ she felt very tired.A.orB.soC.for D.yet7.He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A.butB.andC.orD.yet4.There are many sports lovers in his office.Some love climbing,_ others enjoy swimming.A.orB.forC.while D.so5.-Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home?-Id like to go out.A.or B.and C.butD.so第34页/共50页 10.-I dont like chicken _ fish.-I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.A.and,andB.and,but C.or,and D.or,but11.-Would you like to come to dinner tonight?-Id like to,_ Im too busy.A.andB.soC.asD.but 9.-I thought you had an umbrella.-I had,_ Ive lost it.A.sinceB.butC.because D.so8.As he is strong,_ can lift one hundred pounds.A.yet heB.but heC.andD.he第35页/共50页12.Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A.and Bthen C.or D.otherwise13.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A.arrivingB.to arriveC.having arrivedD.and arrived14.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.A.angrily pointingB.and point angrilyC.angrily pointedD.and angrily pointed第36页/共50页Practising:combine the following pairs of sentences.1.We jumped with joy.Our modles came out first.We jumped with joy,for our modles came out first.2.People like to go to the Red Restaurant.The business there is booming(兴隆兴隆).People like to go to the Red Restaurant,therefore,/so the business there is booming.3.Jack spends money like water.He doesnt make much money.Jack spends money like water,but he doesnt make much money.第37页/共50页名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句复合句第38页/共50页二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：I hope you are very well（）.Im fine,but tired（）.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（）.August is the hottest month here（）.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.（）Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（）.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（).We have a lot of machines on the farm（）.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him（）.But he employs more men for the harvest（）.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（）.It doesnt often rain in the summer here（）.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garde（）.Every evening we pump water from a well（）.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（）.复合简单并列简单并列简单并列复合简单复合简单 简单 简单 简单 简单 简单 第39页/共50页Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time（）.These parties often make us very happy（）.We cook meat on an open fire outside（）.Its great（）!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（）.Some of my friends drink beer（）.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party（）.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（）.There are five different time areas in the States（）.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（）.How many different time areas do you have in China（）?Well,I must stop and get some sleep（）.Please give my best regards to your parents（）.简单句 复合句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 简单句 第40页/共50页名词性从句名词性从句1)主语从句主语从句*What he said is not known.*That we shall be late is certain.*It is certain that we shall be late.*How strange it is that the children are so quiet!第41页/共50页2）表语从句）表语从句*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is that who we can get to replace her?*The reason is that he has lied to me several times.第42页/共50页3)宾语从句宾语从句*I understand that he is well qualified.*He said that he didnt like her.*I dont know if you can help me.第43页/共50页4)同位语从句同位语从句*Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?*The question who should do the work requires consideration.*Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.the ideaThe questiona promise第44页/共50页注意！注意！*that与与what都可以引导名词性从句。都可以引导名词性从句。*what在从句中充当句子成份（主在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾宾,表）。表）。*That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。*that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.That is what he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said(that)he didnt like her.引导词引导词that&what 第45页/共50页状语从句状语从句分为九类：分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1)时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever等等第46页/共50页2)地点状语从句地点状语从句Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere3)原因状语从句原因状语从句As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：because,as,since第47页/共50页4)结果状语从句结果状语从句I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,that 5)目的状语从句目的状语从句Ill show you so you will see how its done.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that第48页/共50页6)条件状语从句条件状语从句If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on condition that常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,whereas 7)让步状语从句让步状语从句Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.第49页/共50页常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as,as if,as though,how常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long as8)方式状语从句方式状语从句He did just as you told him.9)程度状语从句程度状语从句So long as you need me,Ill stay.第50页/共50页