1、unit 1—3语法—不定式 to do 1。不定式得基本形式与结构 动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成得一种动词形式,但在有些情况下to可以省略。所有得主动词,不论就是及物动词还就是不及物动词,都有不定式形式。没有不定式形式.动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语与状语。 2.不定式得用法 1)不定式结构作主语ﻫ1、Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.ﻫ2、To
2、 finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. 在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其她代词代替),而将不定式放到后面。 如:1、It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.ﻫ2、John admitted that it is always difficult fo
3、r him to be on time。ﻫ不定式结构所表示得动作就是谁做得,即不定式得逻辑主语,通常可以通过for sb、 to do sth、 结构表达:ﻫ如:1、It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review。ﻫ2、 It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam、ﻫ在某些形容词(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind, naughty,nic
4、e,silly,stupid等)作表语时,不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语: 1、It is very kind of you to tell me the truth。 2、It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing。ﻫ2)不定式作宾语ﻫ不定式作宾语有两种:一种就是及物动词后直接跟带to得不定式, 另一种就是“及物动词+疑问词+带to得不定式. 及物动词+带to得不定式结构:ﻫ只能跟动词不定式得动词,常见得有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care,claim,decide dem
5、and, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake,want, wish等。ﻫ1、He managed to solve the plicated problem、 2、The stranger offered to show me the way、 3、Mr、 Smith undertook to build a new plant
6、 in South Africa、 动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式: 这类动词常见得有advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard初中英语语法总结, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常见得疑问代(副)词有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等. 1、He does not know when to start、ﻫ2、You can decide whether to continue or to stop
7、 3、I will show you how to deal with it、 有时,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去.这可以用这一结构表达:动词(如find, think,consider,feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。 1、She considers it necessary to make friends with him、ﻫ2、We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock、 3)不定式做表语 一种情况为主语就是不定式(表示条件);表语就是不定式(表示结果): 1、To se
8、e is to believe、ﻫ2、To work means to earn a living.ﻫ另一种情况为主语就是以aim,duty,hope, idea,job, plan,problem, purpose,thing,wish等名词为中心得短语,或以what引导得名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用:;例如: 1、His aim is to study abroad in the near future.ﻫ2、The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price。ﻫ3、What I want t
9、o say is to forget all the unhappy experience. 4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:ﻫ第一种,被修饰得名词词组就是不定式得逻辑宾语.例如:ﻫ1、There was really nothing to fear. 2、He gave me an interesting book to read.ﻫ如果不定式就是不及物动词,后面就得加相应得介词。例如:ﻫ1、Mary needs a friend to play with. 2、That girl has nothing to worry about. 3、They
10、 have a strict teacher to listen to。 4、Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on。ﻫ第二种,被修饰得名词词组就是不定式得逻辑主语;例如:ﻫ1、Have you got a key to unlock the door? 2、The action to be taken is correct.ﻫ3、There is nothing to be gained by pretending。ﻫ第三种,被修饰得名词词组
11、就是不定式得同位结构.这类名词通常就是表示企图、努力、倾向、目得、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义得名词:ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如: 1、Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her.ﻫ2、I have no wishto quarrel withyou。 3、Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary、 5)不定式作状语ﻫ不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换
12、为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语: 1、They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area。 2、They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area。 3、He was lucky to arrive before dark。ﻫ4、He was lucky because he arrived before dark。 作目得状语: 1、She raised her vo
13、ice to be heared better.ﻫ2、She raised her voice so that she could heard better。ﻫ3、We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam。 4、We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam. 作结果状语:ﻫ1、The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians. 2、The French foot
14、ball team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians。 3、He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. 4、He got to the station and was told that the train had gone. 不带to得不定式得使用ﻫ动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带to,在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带to不定式: 1) 在can/could, /may/might,wi
15、ll/would,shall/should,must, need,dare等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带to.ﻫ2)在表示感觉意义得动词,如see初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后,或就是表示“致使”意义得动词,如have,let,make等后,动词不定式不带to。例如: 1、I often heard him say that he would study hard.ﻫ2、I must have him see his own mistakes。 但就是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面得不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式.
16、 例如: 1、He was often heard to say that he would study hard。ﻫ2、After he had finished speaking,he was made to answer innumerable questions。 3)在动词help之后可用不带to得不定式,也可用带to得不定式。例如:ﻫ1、Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box、 4) 在had better,would rather,may/might as well,rather than,can not but等搭配之后初中英
17、语语法总结,动词不定式也不带to。例如: ﻫ1、Unless you feel to ill to go out,I would rather not stay at home tonight. 2、She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour、 5) 在make do,make believe,let drop,1et fall,1et fly,let slip,let drive,let go off,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to得动词不定式。例如:ﻫ1、They let go
18、 of the rope。她们松开了绳子。ﻫ2、John let fly a torrent of abuse at me。约翰朝我痛骂了一顿.ﻫ3、I've heard tell of him。我听说过她。ﻫ4、Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students.由于生源不足,一些教职员工被解雇了.ﻫ6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结,except之后,如果其前有动词do得某种形式,其后不定式一般不带to,反之则必须带to,表示“不得不,只能”.例如:ﻫ1、He will do anything except wor
19、k on the farm。 2、There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender。 3、The spy was both hungry and cold;there was nothing left for him but to give in.ﻫ4、I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining。 下面一些短语就是固定搭配,不带to:ﻫcan not help but,can not choose but,can not but,do nothing but,hav
20、e nothing to do but.例如:ﻫI can not but admire his courage、 如果上述句中有do,to省略:ﻫI did nothing but watch TV last night.ﻫ如果就是下面一个固定搭配,就带to: I have no choice but to give up my idea、ﻫ7)紧跟在why或why not之后得动词不定式总就是不带to。但就是,紧跟在who,what,which,whether等连接词后得不定式带to.例如:ﻫWhy stand up if you can sit down?ﻫWhy not ask y
21、our teacher when you don’t understand the meaning?ﻫYou needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science。 4.不定式得否定形式 否定形式就是在不定式得标志to前加not.例如:ﻫ1、I decided not to ask him again。 2、Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out. 动词不定式练习 一、 根据上句意思完成下句,使两句意思相近或相同,每空一词。ﻫ 1、 He was s
22、o angry that he couldn’t say anything、ﻫ He was too angry _______ ______ anything、ﻫ 2、 I don’t know when we will have the meeting、ﻫ I don’t know when _______ _______ the meeting、 3、 He said he would write a letter、 He said he would have a letter ______ _______、ﻫ 4、 That
23、 you read English in the morning is very important、ﻫ It is very important _____ you _____ _______ English in the morning、 5、 He was so strong that he could lift the stone、 (石头) He was strong _____ _____ ______ the stone、ﻫ 6、 His father went to Beijing for his holiday、 H
24、is father went to Beijing ________ ______ his holiday、 7、 They got up early so that they could get there in time、 They got up early _____ ______ _______ ______ there in time、 8、 His brother decided that he would buy the book、 His brother decided _____ _______ the book、ﻫ
25、9、 He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall、ﻫ He hopes _____ _______ the Great Wall、 10、I saw him go into the room、 He was seen _____ ______ into the room、 11、We made him work five hours a day、ﻫ He was made _____ ______ five hours a day、 12、Do you want to say anyt
26、hing for yourself? Do you have anything _____ _____ for yourself?ﻫ 13、We don’t know what we shall do next、ﻫ We don’t know what ____ _______ next、ﻫ 14、I'm very sorry on hearing the bad news、 I’m very sorry _____ _______ the bad news、ﻫ 15、He stopped and had a look at me、
27、ﻫ He stopped _____ ______ a look at me、ﻫ 16、I helped him with his English、ﻫ I helped him _____ ______ English、 17、My father promised (许诺)that he would buy me a bike、ﻫ My father promised ____ ______ me a bike、ﻫ 18、The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it、 The box
28、 is too heavy ______ me _______ _______、 19、“Lie down! ”the boy said to his dog、ﻫ The boy ordered his dog ______ ______ down、ﻫ 20、“Don’t make any noise, ”she said to me、ﻫ She told me ______ _______ ________ any noise、 二、 单选: 1、 This pany was the first ____ portable radios as we
29、ll as cassette tape recorders in the world、 A、 producing B、 to produce C、 having produced D、 produced 2、 The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult、 A 、not making B、 not make C 、not to make D、 nor to make 3、 Helen had to shout ______above the sound of
30、 the music 、 A 、making herself hear B、 to make herself hear C、 making herself heard D 、to make herself heard 4、 I don’t know whether you happen_______ ,but I am going to study in the U、S、A this September、 A 、to be heard、 B、 to be bearing C 、to hear D 、to have heard 5、 The news reporte
31、rs hurried to the airport, only ______the film stars had left、 A 、to tell B 、to be told C 、telling D 、told 6、 You were silly not _______your car、 A、 to lock B、 to have locked C、 locking D、 having locked 7、 The teacher asked us ______so much noise、 A 、don’t make B、 not make
32、 C、 not making D 、not to make 8、 An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _____clear warnings before firing any shots、 A 、to issue B、 being issued C、 to have issued D、 to be issued 9、 I'd rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_______ a room with
33、someone else、 A、 to share B、 to have shared C、 share D、 sharing 10、 The bank is reported in the local newspaper_________ in broad daylight yesterday、 A、 robbed B、 to have been robbed C、 being robbed D、 having been robbed 11、 A number of paintings in the castle a
34、re believed ________in a fire、 A、 being destroyed B、 having been destroyed C、 to be destroyed D、 to have been destroyed 12、 The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success、 A、 to take place B、 to be taken place C、 to have taken place D、
35、 being taken place 13、 As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time、 A、 and finished B、 to finish C、 and finishing D、 to finished 14、 I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time、 A、 to have not B、 to not have C、 not to have D、 not having 15、 Will you lend h
36、im a magazine _________? A、 to be read B、 for reading C、 to read D、 he read 16、 He could do nothing but _______for the bus _________、 A、 wait, to e B、 wait; e C、 waiting; ing D、 waited; came 17 、It is a problem that doesn’t need ________ right now、 A、 to solve B、 solving C、
37、 being solved D、 to be solving 18、 There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble、 A、 making B、 to make C、 to have made D、 having made 19、 I remember _______him _______the bike needed __________、 A、 hearing, saying, to repair
38、B、 to hear, say, to repair C、 hearing, say, repairing D、 to hear, saying, to be repaired 20、 --— You should have thanked her before you left、 -—— I meant _________, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere、 A、 to do B、 to C、 doing D、 doing so 21、 Robert is
39、said to __________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in、 A、 to have studied B、 to study B、 to be studying D、 to have been studying 22、 I’m gong to Xi’an next week、 Have you anything __________ to your parents? A、 to take B、 to be taken C、 to be bought to
40、D、 to buy 23、 when are they __________ in their plan? A、 hand B、 handed C、 to hand D、 give 24、 In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _____________、 A、 have survived B、 are to survive C、 would survived D、 will survive 25、 When we hurri
41、ed to the station, there happened ________ no bus at that time、 A、 to have B、 to be C、 having D、 being 26、 I lost my way in plete darkness and, _________ matters worse, it began to rain、 A、 made B、 having made C、 making D、 to make 27、 At ________ time does the salesgir
42、l get up late in the morning, though she is always too busy _________ a good rest、 A、 no, to take B、 no, taking C、 any, to take D、 one, taking 28、 --Are you a student? ——No, but I used _________、 A、 to be B、 to was C、 to do D、 to be a 29、 I stopped to listen, and
43、my son seemed _________ himself _________ in the living room、 A、 to enjoy, to shut B、 to be enjoying, shutting C、 to be enjoying, shut D、 to have enjoyed, having shut 30、 With a lot of difficult problems _________, the newly—elected president is having a hard time、 A、 settled
44、B、 settling C、 to settle D、 being settled 31、 We're leaving at six o’clock, and hope _________ most of the journey by lunch time、 A、 to do B、 to have done C、 to make D、 to have made 32、 The study of the wild world may help to make the world easier _________、 A、 understood
45、 B、 to be understood C、 to understand D、 understand 33、 Who will you get __________ the project for us? A、 design B、 to design C、 designed D、 designing 34、 It is said in Australia there is more land than the government know __________、 A、 it what to do with B、 what to
46、 do it with C、 what to do with it D、 to do what with it 35、 We are not allowed __________ outdoors with some other children、 A、 playing B、 to be playing C、 to play D、 be playing 36、 Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _________ to carry all the way home、 A、 much too heav
47、y B、 too much heavy C、 heavy too much D、 too heavy much 37、 She feels so strongly that each of us should have a role __________in making the earth a better place to live in、 A、 to have played B、 to play C、 to be played D、 to be playing 38、 When I handed the report to John, he
48、said that George was the person _________、 A、 to send B、 for sending it C、 to send it to D、 for sending it to 39、 Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears _________ everything、 A、 to tell B、 to be told C、 to be telling D、 to have been told 40、 There are f
49、ive pairs ___________, but I'm at a loss which to buy、 A、 to be chosen B、 to choose from C、 to choose D、 for choosing 41、 The problem is _________ difficult for us __________、 A、 so; work out B、 very too; to be worked out C、 rather too, to work out D、 quite t
50、oo, to work it out 42、 -—-Where should I _________ my application? —-—The personnel office is the place __________、 A、 send; to send it B、 send for; to send it to C、 send for; for sending it D、 send; to send it to 43、 I've worked with children before, so I know what ____
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