2021年职称英语理工类B真题及答案.docx

理工B真题及答案
考试时间:上午9:00-11:00，120分钟。
职称外语考试各级别、专业试题所有为客观题，在答题卡上作答。考生应考时，可携带一本正式出版通用外语词典（不得携带电子词典以及专门为职称外语考试编写词典）、2B铅笔、橡皮、黑色墨水笔。
第一某些 词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线某些拟定1个意义最为接近选项。
1. The organization was bold enough to face the press.
A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. sensible
2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.
A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate
3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.
A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool
4. Most people find rejection hard to accept.
A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal
5. She's extremely competent and industrious.
A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent
6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.
A. hide B. handle C. disclose D. establish
7. He tried to assemble his thoughts.
A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare
8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.
A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation
9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.
A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious
10. These products are inferior to those we brought last year.
A. poorer than B. narrower than C. larger than D. richer than
11. The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.
A. improved B. changed C. worsened D. developed
12. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.
A. coexisting B. fair C. full D. pubic
13. They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.
A. requesting B. planning C. preparing D. looking
14. He said some harsh words about his brother.
A. unkind B. proper C. normal D. unclear
15. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.
A. amount B. supply C.sum D. temp

第二某些 阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面短文后列出了7个句子，请依照短文内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供是对的信息，请选取A；如果该句提供是错误信息，请选取B；如果该句信息文中没有提及，请选取C。
ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants
Children have an increased of attention problems，seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely，this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons，or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs： the burning of fossil fuels，wood and trash.
Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study，she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs，Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs，ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid. The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later，the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children，now age 9.They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期）mental effort，such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent，careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD. Among the women studied，traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure，Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Ohters had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9.The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.
16. Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20.Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21.The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22.Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
第三某些 概括大意与完毕句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23-26题规定从所给6个选项中为指定段落每段选取1个小标题；（2）第27-30题规定从所给6个选项中为每个句子拟定一种最佳选项。
First Image-recognitions software
1）Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.
2）The new system，witch was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos，shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm（运算法则）for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficienti enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel（像素）data in images and potentially video—rather than just text—to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned（收集）from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions（图片阐明），making for more accurate document search results.
3）"Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani，a co-author of the study," the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern，massive，fast-growing multimedia datastet，where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Web page，he immediately get the gist（主旨）of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet，sruprisingly，all existing popular search engine，such as Google or Bing，strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search"
4）The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed—that extracts semantic（语义）information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries（查询）on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.
23. Paragraph 1 ___D__
24. Paragraph 2 ___C__
25. Paragraph 3 __E___
26. Paragraph 4 __F___
A. Popularity of the new system
B. Publication of the new discovery
C. Function of the new system
D. Artificial intelligence software created
E. Problems of the existing search engines
F. Improvementi in document retrieval
27. The new system does document retrieval by __C___.
28. The new system is expected to improve precision in ___E__.
29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore ___A__.
30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the __B___.
A. information in images
B. current popular search engines
C. using photos
D. machine vision systems
E. document search
F. description of the HTML page
第四某些 阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请依照短文内容，为每题拟定1个最佳选项。
第1篇 Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health，they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart?Does it increase blood pressure?Does it help you concentrate?However，coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways，too.
Traditionally，coffee bushes were planted under the canopy（树冠）of taller indigenous（土生土长）trees. However，more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first，this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately，deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore，in the long term，the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant，but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well，and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately，farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly."Sure，these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds，the land，ourselves，and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31.What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word "Traditionally"in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.
A. the positive effects of coffee. B. a change of coffee growth.
C. something that is the most important. D. how coffee production used to be. 33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. More insects. B. Better quality coffee.
C. Larger farms. D. Higher profits.
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers. B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country. D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____.
A. insects. B. air. C. brids. D. humans.

第2篇 More Rural Research is Needed

Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer，crop scientist，said demand was growing at 2.5 per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones，the world should be able to stay ahead.
"The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition（营养不良）and poverty." he said.
Research is needed to solve food production，land degradation（贫瘠化）and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn，slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world's ability to feed itself in the first 25 years，when the world's population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there'll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in ,similar to the currenti pattern. If there is any change，a slighe improvement will be seen in southern Asia，but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia，South America and South-East Asia.
The debeloping world was investing about 0.5%,or $8 billion a year，of its agricultural gross domestic product（GDP）on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.
He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries，such as wheat production research having spin-offs（有用副产品）for Mexico，China or India.
"Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application，so that money can be used very efficiently."Dr. Fischer said.
Yields of rice，wheat ad maize（玉米）have grown impressively in the past 30 years，especially in developing countries. For example，maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995.But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties，fertilizers，and irrigation，were becoming exhausted."If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities，for forests and wildlife，you're going to have to increase yield."Dr. Fischer said.
36.What is the passage mainly about?
A. Shortage of food supplies.
B. Development of agricultural technologies.
C. Impact of agricultural research.
D. Expectation of population growth.
37. Which of the following statements is true about the world's agricultural research funding?
A. It is increasing among developed countries.
B. It is decreasing worldwide.
C. Less is demanded from developing countries.
D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.
38. What is the picture of Asia's food supplies in the first 25 years?
A. Food shortage will not be a problem.
B. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.
C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.
D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.
39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies?
A. They are costly. B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.
C. Their application is limited. D. They have to be applied locally.
40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.
A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activitie