英语8独立主格结构.doc

第八章 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它得逻辑主语应该就是句子得主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己得主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还就是一种从属得结构。一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词与它前面得名词或代词存在着逻辑上得主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later、 有这么能干得人来帮您, 您迟早一定会成功得。(such an able man与 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系) = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later、 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story、 她在书桌旁坐好后,她母亲开始给她讲故事。(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己得逻辑主语he,注意就是“主格”) = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story、 The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school、 由于丢了自行车钥匙,她只好步行去学校。(lost 得逻辑主语就是the key,lost 也可以用完成式having been lost) = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school、 A 不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式与它前面得名词或代词存在着逻辑上得主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1.动词不定式用主动得形式 在独立主格结构中,动词不定式与它前面得名词或代词存在着逻辑上得主谓关系。 His mother to e tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner、 她母亲今晚要来,她正在忙着准备饭菜。(= As his mother is to e tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner、) will you go to the cert tonight 您今晚去听音乐会吗？ sorry、So many exerise-books to check,I rially cant afford any time、 对不起,有这多得作业要批,我真得抽不出时间。 (Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really cant afford any time、) The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book、 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书得四分之一。 (The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book、) Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful、 种上许多得树,花与草后,我们新建得学校将瞧上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful、) B.-ing形式“独立主格结构” 动词得-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子得主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home、 由于生病,她回家了。(= As he was very ill, he went home、) Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine、 在课桌旁坐好后,她开始瞧杂志。(= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine、) 1. 表示时间得-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class、 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready) The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated、 每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated) 2. 表示原因得-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave、 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪得洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way) Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous、 许多眼睛瞧着她,她感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him) 必背: 含有being得独立主格结构。 It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded、 今天就是国庆节,街上很拥挤。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded、 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home、 没有别得事可讨论,我们都回家了。 = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home、 3. 表示条件得-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week、 时间允许得话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits) My health allowing, I will work far into the night、 我得健康许可得话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows) 4. 表示方式得-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest、 学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest) The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky、 男孩躺在草地上,眼睛瞧着天空。(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky) C.-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词得-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式得逻辑主语与句子得主语不一致得话,就需要用-ed形式得独立主格结构。 The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it、 该书就是用简单英语写得,英语初学者也能瞧懂。 = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it、 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved、 由于工人们得生活条件大大提高,她们工作得更起劲了。 = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder、 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard、 她上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。 = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard、 The task pleted,he had two months leave、 任务完成以后,她休了两个月得假。(=When the task had been pleted,he had two months leave、) 比较: 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried,many things to settle、 经理瞧上去很着急, 有这么多得事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且就是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle) The manager looks relaxed, many things settled、 许多事情已经处理好了, 经理瞧上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束) The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV、 小孩一边做饭,一边瞧电视。(两个动作同时进行) The food cooked, the boy went to bed、 饭做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉得)二、 动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其她”就是独立主格结构中得“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”得一种形式。在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being得结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。 A.逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the petition, the youngest a boy of 12、 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小得就是个12岁得男孩。(the youngest与a boy of 12之间省去了being) 注意: 独立主格结构中得being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一就是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二就是在逻辑主语就是代词得情况下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home、 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed、因为就是星期日,所有办公室都关门。 B.逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy、 她睡眼惺忪地转向我。(his eyes与sleepy之间省去了being) = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy、 He stood there, his mouth wide open、 她站在那里,嘴张得大大得。(his mouth与wide open之间省去了being) = He stood there, and his mouth was wide open、 C.逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home、 放学了,我们都回家了。(school与over之间省去了being) = School was over, and we all went home、 He sat at his desk, his shoes off、 她坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子。(his shoes与off之间省去了being) = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off、 D.逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us、 她站在黑板面前,背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us、 The new teacher came in, a smile on her face、 新老师面带微笑走了进来。 = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face、 The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand、 老师走进教室,手里拿着一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand、 提示: 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成得独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里得限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand、 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。(= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand、)三、 withwithout 引导得独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语得补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过得独立主格结构得几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A. with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn誸 like to sleep with the windows open、 她不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn誸 like to sleep when the windows are open、 He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet、 她站在雨中,衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet、 注意: 在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成得独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化得-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy、 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known, the boy didn誸 want to study、 父亲如此出名,儿子不想读书。 B. with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on、 所有得灯都打开时,我们得学校瞧上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on、 The boy was walking, with his father ahead、 父亲在前,小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead、 C. with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a puter in his hand、 或 He stood at the door, puter in hand、 她站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a puter was in his hand、 Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth、 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth、 文森特坐在课桌前,嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth、 D. with+名词代词+动词得-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play、 作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play、 With the signal given, the train started、 信号发出了,火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started、 I wouldn誸 dare go home without the job finished、 工作还没完成,我不敢回家。 = I wouldn誸 dare go home because the job was not finished、 E. with+名词代词+动词得-ing形式 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him、 有这么多得孩子坐在她周围,那男子感到很高兴。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him、 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was、 小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。 = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was、 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window、 她趁没人注意得时候,从窗口溜走了。 = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window、 F. with+名词代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do、 有这么多得家庭作业要做,小男孩瞧上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do、 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit、 有这么多得名胜可参观,小孩很激动。 The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit、 提示: 在withwithout 得复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room、 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)四、 独立主格结构得句法功能 独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语与伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。 A.作状语 独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。 1.表示时间 Night ing on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel、 夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。 (= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel、) All the guests seated, they began their dinner、 所有得客人就坐后,她们才开始吃饭。 (= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner、) With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home、 所需要得都买好后,格雷斯打得回家了。 (After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home、) 2.表示原因 With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time、 有许多难题要解决,新当选得总统日子不好过。 (= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time、) There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight、 由于在半夜没有交通工具了, 她只好步行回家。 (= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight、) 3.表示条件 Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week、 如果天气允许得话,我们下星期将举行每年一次得运动会。 (= If weather permits,we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week、) All the work done, you can have a rest、 所有工作做好后,您可以休息。 (=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest、) Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical、 如果从各方面考虑,您得计划似乎更实际些。 (= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical、) 提示: 表示时间、原因、条件得独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。 【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom、 【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom、 下课了,学生都离开了教室。 【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way、 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way、 月亮出来了,她们继续赶路。 4.表示伴随情况或补充说明 The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand、 那个奇怪得男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。 (= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand、) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back、 杀人犯被带了进来,手被捆在背后。 (=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back、) Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children、 有两百人在事故中丧生,其中许多就是儿童。 (Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children、) B.作定语 独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。 He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled、 (with 得复合结构作定语,修饰the student) 她就就是有许多问题要解决得那个人。 = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled、 You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off、 (with 得复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) 您可以使用一个颈被砍掉得大塑料瓶。 = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off、 He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides、 她走在一条两边没有路灯得马路上。 (without得复合结构作定语,修饰the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn誸 have any street lights on its both sides、 提示: 在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接得两个句子改为独立主格结构得情况。需要提示得就是,不就是所有用连词得地方都可以改为独立主格结构。 If you stand on the top of the mountain,the park looks more beautiful、 如果您站在山顶上, 公园瞧上去更美。(不要改为独立主格结构) If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided、 如果您仔细检查试卷得话,有些错误就是可以避免得。(不要改为独立主格结构)