Functions-of-Language.pptx

Functions of LanguageJacobsons viewSix primary factors of any speech event:speaker,addressee,context,说话者说话者 受话者受话者 语境语境 message,code,contact 信息信息 语码语码 接触接触在交流系统的六大要素的基础上建立了语在交流系统的六大要素的基础上建立了语言功能的框架：言功能的框架：所指功能（传达信息），诗学功能（完全所指功能（传达信息），诗学功能（完全就语言而语言就语言而语言)，感情功能（表达态度、感，感情功能（表达态度、感觉和感情），意动功能（通过命令和请求觉和感情意动功能（通过命令和请求去说服和影响他人），交感功能（与他人去说服和影响他人），交感功能（与他人建立交流），和元语言功能（弄清意图、建立交流），和元语言功能（弄清意图、词语和意义）。词语和意义）。语境 所指的所指的 说话者 信息 受话者 情感的情感的 诗学的诗学的 意动的意动的 (如生气的语调)(如诗歌)(如祁使语气与呼格)接触 交感的交感的 (如“你好,你能听见我吗?”)语码 元语言的元语言的 Hallidays viewIdeational function 概念功能建构了经验模型和逻辑关系Interpersonal function 人际功能反映了社会关系Textual function 语篇功能创立了语言和语境的关联Informative function(Ideational function)信息功能(概念功能)Instrument of thought Expression of the real world(true or false)Interpersonal function人际功能Establish and maintain their status in a society话语中发话人和受话人的相互关系，以及发话人对他所说的或所写的态度Attached to the interpersonal function of language is its function of the expression of identity.Language marks our identity:Physically in terms of age,sex,and vioceprints;Psychologically in terms of language and personality,intelligence;Geographically in terms of accents,dialects;Ethnically and socially of social stratification,class,status,role,solidarity and distance.The interpersonal function is such a broad category that it is often discussed under various other terms as in the following performative,emotive,expressive and phatic function of language.They seem to emphasize different aspects of the interpersonal function.Performative function言语行为功能施为功能）formal and ritualizedto change the social status of persons(right time and right person)Magical and religious occasionEmotive function(Expressive function)感情功能（表达功能）Getting rid of our nervous energyMostly persons own feelings,Sometimes a communal response of a group of peoplePhatic communion寒喧功能（交感性谈话）No factual contentBut a channel of communication is openHelp define and maintain interpersonal relationsRecreational function娱乐功能Childrens playChanters chantingVerbal duelingPoetry writingMetalingual function 元语言功能Talk about talk and think about thinkinginfinitely self-reflexiveWhat is Linguistics?Linguistics,as the name suggest,is the science of language and thus is usually defined as the systematic study of language or,a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulate theories as to how language works.It is a major branch of humanities and social sciences as well.Major Branches of General LinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsPsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAnthropological LinguisticsComputational LinguisticsLinguistics in the 20th century:In the twentieth century,the scientific emphasis gradually shifted form the study of speech sounds(phonetics and phonology)to grammar(morphology and syntax),then to meaning(semantics)and texts(discourse analysis).Linguists have always been aware of the fact that in language all aspects are involved,namely,psychology,society,and cognition.Important Distinctions in LinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptive 描写性&规定性Synchronic&diachronic共时研究&历时研究Langue&parole 语言和言语Competence and performance语言能力和语言运用Descriptive:discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conformPrescriptive:impose upon members of a language community rules,norms of correctnessOn Prescriptive StudyThere are obvious administrative and education advantages,in the modern world,in standardizing the principal dialect that is employed within a particular country or region.(Lyons,1982)Synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation(synchrony is a fiction but essential)Diachronic linguistics by Saussure is the study of a language through the course of its historyLangue&ParoleLangue:the linguistic competence of the speaker,the linguistsproper objectParole:the actual phenomena or data of linguisticsIn separating langue and parole,we are separating(1)what is social from what is individual;(2)what is essential from what is accessory and more or less accidental.Competence:a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rolesPerformance:the actual use of language in concrete situation According to Chomsky,the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.