英语重点语法知识点课件.doc

高考语法知识点
一、深层语法
注意下面这些容易淡忘的硬性法则，有些甚至是打破常规的特殊规定，做题时千万千万别忘了：
1． 冠词
①表示众多同类事物中的一个时名词即使带了修饰语也用不定冠词。★★
Eg: While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery which completely changed man’s understanding of color.
② 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词带上修饰语后改用不定冠词。★★

Eg: When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before.
②元音因素（注意：不是字母是音素）开头的单词前用an,反之，辅音因素开头的单词前用a. ★
Eg: a university, a useful book, a “u”, an “e/f/h/i/l/m/n/o/r/s/x”, an interesting story, an orange, an hour, an honest boy, an 800-metre bridge.
④序数词前用不定冠词表示“又一”“再一”之意
Eg: My teacher asked me to copy the article a second time.
⑤形容词最高级前用不定冠词表示“极其”之意。
2.代词、形容词和副词
① enough修饰形容词或副词时要后置；形容词修饰不定代词时要后置。
Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way easily enough to the Home Circle Building.  (2006)
②能够修饰比较级的程度副词：。。。一点点，稍微：a little, a bit, slightly, any; 。。。得多：many, much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far, greatly; 甚至更。。。：even，all the, still, yet.
③形容词可以作状语。★★★
United, we can make it.   
He fell to the ground, dead.
④注意几组特殊副词的意义及用法差别:
a.原意和抽象比喻意义上的差别,即前者用于可测量的较具体的事物,后者用于一种难以测量的抽象的比喻义.deep深地/deeply深深地; wide宽大地/widely广泛地; near近地/nearly很接近地,几乎; close近地/closely密切地; most极其/mostly主要地; ★★
The player can jump really high, so we all speak highly of him.
b.有无-ly意义大不同:dead完全地,绝对地/deadly极其地; pretty相当/prettily漂亮地; late迟地/lately最近; hard努力地/hardly几乎不;
He works hard in school while his brother hardly ever reads a book.

3. 情态动词和系动词
I．★情态动词有以下特别用法：
①can可表示“有时候会”。 ★
Eg: The monkeys look sweet, but they can be very naughty.
The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the world wide wait because it can be very slow.
②must可表示“硬要，偏偏”。
Eg: ---How old are you, madam?   ----If you must know, I’m twice my son’s age.
③shall可用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示。★★
Eg: ---Shall he come to see you? ---I’d rather he didn’t.
   Shall也可用于二、三人称陈述句中表示命令、警告、允诺、威胁或法规。★★★
Eg: ---What does the sign over here read?
   ----No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.
④should可表示“按理说应该”。 ★★
Eg: ---When can I call for my TV set?  ----It should be ready this afternoon.
  should也可表示说话人对某事感到意外、惊异、不能理解等，译作“竟然；居然”。
Eg: You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.
 ⑤ will可表示现在经常或习惯性的行为，译作“常常”。过去的习惯性行为用would.
Eg: He will go to the park every day after supper.
will还可表示即时决定。★
Eg:---John was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
   ---Oh, really? I didn’t know. I will visit her.
   ----Did you tell him the good news?
   ----Oh, no. I forgot. I will call him now.
⑥must have done只用于肯定句；can’t have done；may/might have done不用于疑问句。★
II．系动词有以下硬性规定：
①go多与负面意思的形容词连用；还特别用于可立即逆转的颜色变化，如交通灯。
②turn用于表示达到某一年龄或超过某一时间。还可表“成为”，此时后面直接接名词，即名词前不能加任何冠词. ★
③ make后接名词表示具有成为某种人的潜质。如：He can make a good teacher。
④感观动词既可作系动词也可作实义动词，应注意从语义上来区别和正确使用。
  When you are ill, you can’t taste properly. Even your favorite food tastes bad
  They looked sadly at the master, because the maser himself looked sad.
  We don’t care if a hunting dog smells badly, but we really don’t want him to smell bad.

4.非谓语动词：
①下列动词接动词不定式作宾语补足语是必须省略to，但在被动句中不可省，即V + sb do sth: look at, see, watch, notice, observe; have, let, make; listen to, hear; feel.  
简记：五“看”三“使”两“听” 一“感觉”。to在句中像妖怪，主动句里它走开，被动句里它回来。★★★
②绝大多数动词后接不定式作宾语，但有些动词只能接V-ing作宾语，即V+ V-ing，常见的这些动词是：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to; excuse/pardon; admit; delay(put off); fancy; avoid; miss; keep; practise; deny; finish; enjoy/appreciate; imagine; mind; allow/permit; escape; resist; forbid; risk.
词义口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过保持练，否认完成和欣赏，想像介意准逃亡，抵制禁止要冒险。★★★
③too…to 结构中如果too后接的是表情绪感受的形容词则此结构是肯定意义。too前还常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副词，意思不变，因为这些词加上too后与very同义。★
④下列动词不能接不定式的复合结构sb to do sth: hope, suggest, demand, welcome, arrange, agree. ★
⑤On/Upon + V-ing或on + one’s + n可表示“一。。。就。。。”。(接名词时要加上one’s) ★
On arriving/his arrival in Shanghai, he called his friends.
Upon his death the man left all his money to his child.
⑥being done一般为分词，表示“正被。。。”，即既表被动又表进行，但在介词和只能接V-ing的动词后它是动名词，表示“被。。。”，只表被动不表进行！！！★★★
⑦having done和having been done 一般不作定语。★★★
⑧放在句首的目的状语只能用不定式，并且要用逗号与后面隔开，但作目的状语的不定式放句尾时不用逗号隔开。★★★
⑨there be 句型的非谓语形式
作主语时可用there being也可用there to be, 但用for引出时则用there to be
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.
作宾语时通常用there to be,但在介词和要求接V-ing作宾语的动词后用there being。
Chinese hate there to be long queues everywhere.

Nobody told me about there being a meeting yesterday.
I have no objection to there being a meeting here.
作状语时多用there being。但too…to…句型中则用there to be.
There being no bus, we have to go home on foot.
There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was very dry.
It’s too early for there to be anybody on the road.
作定语
This is the fastest train there is to Nanking.这是现有的去南京的最快的火车。
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.

5.名词性从句：
①名词性从句必须用陈述句语序. ★★★
②宾语从句中主句为一般过去时时，从句必须用过去的某种时态（客观真理除外）。★★★

6.定语从句：
①关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用that：
a.先行词是all ,everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none等不定代词时
All that can be done has been done.
Do you have anything that you don’t understand ?
There is little that can be believed about it .
The book doesn’t say much that amuses children.
b.先行词被any, some, no much, few, little, every, all, very, only, last修饰时
I’ve read all the books that you lent me.
No sample that we nave received is satisfactory.
Please send us any information that you have about the subject.
He is the only person that was present at the time.
c.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰或是形容词最高级或序数词时
Hamburg is the most beautiful city that I’ve ever seen.
This is the best TV that is made in China.
The first museum that he visited in China was the History Museum.
This is the first/second/last book (that) he has read.
d.先行词中既有人又有事物时
The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.
A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.
e.关系代词在从句中作表语，或先行词指物且在主句中作表语时
My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
He didn’t become the kind of person that his father wanted him to be.
It is a song that is very popular.
It is a book that will help you a lot.
f.由which和who开头的问句中（避免重复）
Which is the subject (that) you are going to learn next term?
Who is the man that came to see you just now?
Who that you have ever seen can do it better?
Who that you are talking to is the young fellow.
记忆口诀：the very, the only; the same, no, any; 两项并列人与物；不定、序数、最高级。（“不定”指不定代词，但指人的one / ones / anyone/those/he除外。）★★★
③ 关系代词不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况：
a.在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。
He made the same mistakes again, which made his parents very angry.
Yesterday I bought a dictionary, which cost me more than 100 yuan.
Mr. Smith, who gave a talk several months ago, will come again.
My uncle has come back from abroad, whom I haven’t met for along time.
His dog, which was very old now, became ill and died.
b.紧跟在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。
Her bag, in which she put all her money, has been stolen.
This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.
Xiao Wang, with whom I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.
Which is the car, the owner of which you know?
④ 关系代词指人时只能用 who 而不用that的情况：
先行词是one / ones / anyone/those/he 时
® One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
®The ones who are often late should be punished
Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
Anyone who breaks the law is punished.
Those who break the law are punished.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
He who has not been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
He who laughs last laughs best.
He who breaks the law is punished.
④关系代词只能用as的情况：
a.固定句型：当先行词有same或such/so修饰时关系代词常用as(不用that). as充当宾语或表语. 即:the same…as;   such…as; so…as  ★★★
I shall do it in the same way as you did.
I want to buy such a book as you have.
He is so good a teacher as we all like.
He is not the same man as he was.
比较:He is not the man that he used to be.
b.代替整个句子，意为“正如”时
c.代替整个句子放在句首时
⑤当前后构成因果关系时, 关系代词代替整个句子只能用which
He failed in the exam, which made his mother very angry.
His dog died, which made him very sad.
7.状语从句：
①时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时★★★
Eg: We will go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
Don’t/You can’t get off the bus until it stops.
②时间状语从句、条件状语从句和方式状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同或主句的主语是it，且从句谓语中含有be动词，可以将主语和be动词省略。★★★
While （he was） still a student, she played roles in many plays.（但when he was a student不这么省。此时就用while still替代）
Please change the verb form if/when necessary.
Don’t speak until asked to.
Generally speaking ,when taken to the directions, this medicine has no side effect.
When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it.
If not treated, the deadly disease could spread very fast and cause plenty of deaths.
This is an illness that can result in total blindness if left untreated.
Once a teacher, he now works in a government office.
Work hard when young, or you’ll regret.
He looked everywhere as if in search of something.
While walking along the street, I heard my name called.
The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.
He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.
③由as, although, though引导的让步状语从句结构
although/while不倒装, although多用于句首,while必须放在句首;though可倒装可不倒装;as/that必须倒装. ★★★
a.表语的倒装：（表语为名词时名词前不可加冠词！！！）★★
While /Though/ Although he is a child, he knows a lot.→
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Tired as/though/that he was, he still went on with his work. b.状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very修饰语！！！）★
While /Though/ Although  Bruce walked very fast, he still couldn’t catch up with me.→ Fast as/though/that Bruce walked, he still couldn’t catch up with me. While/Though/Although I admire him as a writer very much, I do not like him as a man. → Much as/though/that I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.
Carefully as/though/that he did the work, he made a mistake.
c.谓语动词的倒装：
Try as/though/that he might, he didn’t pass the exam.
Hate him as/though/that we may, we must admit his greatness.
④下列词也可以直接引导状语从句：the moment; the minute; the instant; the second; the time; immediately/instantly/directly(以上均为“一．．．就．．．” ) the week/year; all the time; any/every/each time; the first/last time; by the time;
Eg: My sister came directly she got my message.
Every time I catch a cold, I have a pain in my back.
The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.
⑤ since句型中如果从句谓语是延续性的，则它所表示的时间从该动作或状态结束时算起！
It is 3 years since I smoked( gave up smoking 自从我戒烟以来. )我戒烟3年了。
It is 5 years since he was a soldier.他退伍5年了。
I have never seen him since he was ill.他病愈以来我还没见过他。
It has been 5 years since he lived here.到现在为止他有5年没住这里了。

8.主谓一致：
①由no…and no…,each…and each…,every…and every…,many a …and many a…等构成的复合主语谓语动词用单数。★★
Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.
②主语后面带有as well as, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to, besides, except, but, rather than等词连接的名词，谓语动词的数由这些词前的主语决定. ★★★
The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the lab at that time.
③more than one和many a后接名词单数，谓语动词用单数。
More than one language is taught in this school.
 ④“kind(s)/pair(s)/quantity(ies)/amount(s) of + 名词”结构后谓语动词的数由kind(s)/pair(s)/quantity(ies)/amount(s)本身的单复数决定。★
Large amounts of money are used on the Hope Project.
Large quantities of information have been offered since the organization was built.
This kind of books sells well.
⑤名词 + of this kind作主语时谓语动词由名词的单复数决定。
Books of this kind sell well。

9.虚拟语气：
①suggest“表明、暗示”用陈述语气，“建议”用虚拟语气；insist“坚持认为”用陈述语气，“坚决要求”用虚拟语气。（做题时用“坚决要求”之意代进去讲得通就用虚拟语气，否则用陈述语气）★★★
Mary suggested we visit the museum once more, which suggested she loved the Chinese culture very much.
Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill, and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.
He insisted that he was really very tired and that he be allowed to have a rest.
All the doctors in the hospital insisted (that) he was badly wounded and that he be operated on at once.
He insisted that he had done nothing wrong and be free.
He insisted that he was ill and be sent to hospital at once.
②在名词性从句中，表示要求、命令、建议、请求的词后的名词性从句要用虚拟语气，形式为should + V原形,should可以省略。常见的这类词是：insist, order, command, advise(动词)，advice(名词)，suggest(动词)，suggestion(名词)，propose(动词)，proposal(名词)，demand，desire，require，request。记忆口诀：一个“坚决（要求）”，两个“命令”，三个“建议”，四个“请求”。 ★★【还有urge（主张），recommend（推荐），不常用】
The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day.
They requested that we (should) send them to work there.
My demand is that she （should） come to see me once a week.
The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.
She accepted their proposal that she should be operated on.
③It is (about / high) time that sb did 或should do sth.（是某人该做某事的时候了）
句型中should不可省略！！！★★★
④(How) I wish that sb, If only sb, as if/though sb后对将来的虚拟为would/could/might + V原形句型中动词原形前不能用should!!!
⑤would rather后的虚拟语气只有两种形式：和过去相反用现在完成时,和现在或将来事实相反用一般过去时. ★★
I’d rather you went home now and came again tomorrow.
⑥It’s necessary /strange/ natural/advisable/possible /impossible/important/essential/requested/demanded/ordered/a pity/a shame + that-Clause  从句中的动词要用虚拟，形式为（should）+动词原形
It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language ..
It is strange that she (should) refuse to come to the party.
It’s necessary that we (should) study hard.
It’s ordered that we (should) go home at once.
10.动词时态
I。一般现在时
①某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作（如表示车、船、飞机等按时间表发生的动作），这类动词有：be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等。
The train leaves at 4:30 pm.  The meeting starts this afternoon.
②在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I won’t go swimming if it rains.   Don’t get off the bus until it stops.
II．进行时
①表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情用现在进行时。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词，即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有;go, come, leave, start, arrive, return等。
例：They are leaving for Hongkong next month.他们下个月去香港。
    My money is running out. I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before I’ve none in hand.
     ②进行时与always, forever, constantly, continually, still等连用时表示赞扬、埋怨、厌烦等感情色彩。
例：John is always coming late.   约翰总是迟到。
    Lei Feng was always helping others.
    You are constantly changing your mind.
III．“will + V原”可以表示即时决定。
——Did you tell Julia about the result?
——Oh, no. I forgot. I will call her now.
----John was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
----Oh, really? I didn’t know. I will go to visit her.
IV．完成时态
①完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This(That, It)is(was )the first(second….)time+定语从句：
This(That, It)is(was) the only (last)+名词+定语从句；
This (This, It)is (