2019年翻译资格考试中级笔译冲刺试题九.doc

　　英译汉
　　Industrial Design
　　The industrial design is the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products by large-scale industry for mass distribution'. It is concerned with aesthetic appearance, especially in consumer goods, as well as with functional efficiency.
　　The term industrial design was originated in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel (1887-1975). Initially, industrial designers dealt exclusively with machine-made consumer products. Eventually, however, the scope of the profession2 enlarged to include the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment, and the planning of exhibitions, commercial buildings and packaging3.
　　Under prevailing standards of design, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair; durability; and expression of function in terms of form. The relative importance4 ofany of these standards may vary depending on the object. Thus, line and proportion may be more desirable in a sofa than in a tractor, where durability and easy maintenance may be paramount5. A consideration basic to all good design is the factor of realistic cost. Thus, effective industrial design requires, besides artistic ability, combined knowledge of engineering principles and materials, production techniques and cost, and marketing conditions.
　　The industrial designer must be concerned not only with product design but with the conditions under which products are sold. In planning retail stores and display areas, for example, the industrial designer works with the architect to increase the revenue-producing interior space and to create arrangements and atmosphere conducive to sales. Industrial designers also work to facilitate the profitable operation6 ofrailroad stations, airports, hotels, shopping centers, exhibitions, restaurants, public auditoriums, television stations, and offices.
　　Every design problem requires special procedures, timing, and techniques, but there is a general routine applicable to all7. After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client - including data on the intended market for the product, budget allocation, and company policy and equipment - specialists associated with the designer conduct a study of competitive products and an extensive field survey of the manufacturer's plant. A design program is planned, and preliminary designs of the proposed product are then sketched on the basis of the available plant facilities. Rough sketches are chosen for further refinement and study, and the client is then presented with design studies8, often in the form of a small model or of a mock-up. Following the selection of the approved design, working drawings indicating the choice of materials and the specifications for finishing and assembly are prepared. A handmade working model is then manufactured and submitted to the client for approval. In the case of an automobile, for example, one or several are handmade and tested at proving grounds before final machine dies are ordered and production begins. 9
　　The industrial designer is essentially the creator of a pattern to guide the operations of skilled persons or machines. The development of industrial design leads to the creation of new procedures in order that the modifications in the design may be molded directly from the old products. Another industrial-design method is based on the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of the full-scale product. Distortion often occurs in magnification as a result of highlights and shadows that change basic spatial relationships. 10 To view the design in full scale, the profession employs a photographic system in which a small drawing is projected to full scale on a section of a wall. Revisions of the design are then made directly on the wall projection by the industrial designers.
A common concern of the profession is how to adapt new technology, with its benefits and hazards, to human needs. In a fast-growing world economy11 industrial design is also challenged to find ways of influencing purchasing based on considerations other than necessity of replacement of a product due to normal wear and tear. One trend, which is inherent in the field of fashion where frequency of buying is determined by frequency of change in taste, is known as artificially accelerated obsolescence. This trend became more prevalent, despite strong criticism, and has been seen in other lines of products such as automobiles and large home appliances. Nevertheless, it is found justifiable for disposable products in the health and hygiene industry.
　　参考译文

　　工业设计
　　工业设计是指大型企业在创造用于大规模销售的机器制造产品的过程中所涉及的艺术和科学。它既涉及审美外观，特别是生活消费品的外观，也涉及功能效率。
　　工业设计一词是美国工业设计师约瑟夫·西奈尔(1887-1975)于1919年首次提出的。
　　最初，工业设计师只设计机器制造的生活消费品，但是到了后来，工业设计的对象扩展到其他领域，包括生产资料，如农场机械、工业用具和交通设备的设计，以及展会、商业建筑和商品包装的规划。
　　根据流行的设计标准，一件产品应该具有优美的线条、色彩、比例和质地，效率高，操作安全，使用方便或舒适，维修简便，耐用性好，其形式能够体现其功能。这些标准孰轻孰重取决于产品本身。因此，设计沙发时可能更追求线条和比例，而设计拖拉机时，或许耐用性和保养方便才是最重要的。就所有好的设计而言，一个基本的考虑就是实际成本。因此，要进行有效的工业设计，设计师除了要有艺术才能，还要具备工程原理和材料、生产技术和成本、以及营销条件方面的知识。
　　工业设计师不仅要考虑产品的设计，还必须考虑产品的销售环境。例如，在规划零售商店和展区时，工业设计师与建筑师携手合作，拓展能产生收益的室内空间，创造有利于销售的布局和氛围。此外，工业设计师还致力于推动火车站、机场、宾馆、购物中心、展会、餐厅、公共礼堂、电视台、办公室实现盈利运作。
　　解决每一个设计问题都需要特殊的步骤、时间安排和技术。不过，有一套放之四海而皆准的常规。首先，工业设计师必须了解客户的需求，其中包括产品的目标市场、预算分配、公司政策和设备等相关数据。按着，与设计师合作的专家们要对竞争产品进行研究，并且对生产商的工厂展开广泛的实地调查。然后，设计师根据现有的工厂设备制定设计方案，并绘制出产品的初步设计草图。接下来，要对草图进行筛选，作进一步的改进和研究，然后向客户提交设计初稿，初稿通常采取微缩模型或实体模型的形式。当客户选出满意的设计后，就绘制施工图，图纸上要标注产品所使用的材料以及加工和装配的技术说明。接着，是用手工制作出工作模型供客户确认。例如，在汽车设计中，要用手工制作一台或数台汽车工作模型，并在试车场上进行测试，之后才会定制最终的机器冲模，投入生产。
　　就本质而言，工业设计师的工作是创造出一种模式，用来指导技术人员的工作或机器设备的运转。工业设计的发展催生了各种新的工序，以便能够直接对老产品进行设计改良。事实上，微缩模型无法准确地反映实比产品的设计特点，因为模型一经放大，高光部分和阴影部分就会改变基本空间关系，从而导致变形。基于这种情况，另一种工业设计方法应运而生。设计师采用某种摄影系统将小图投射到墙面上，形成实际影像，以便查看实比设计图样，并且直接在投影上对设计进行修改。
　　工业设计行业共同关注的一个问题是如何应对新技术的种种利弊.将之服务于人类的需求。在世界经济高速增长的情况下，工业设计又面临新的挑战，即要在由正常损耗引起的产品更替需求之外，让消费者出于别的需求购买产品。时尚领域的购物频率取决于审美趣味的变化频率，因此时尚界的固有趋势就是大家所说的“人为加速的过时”。这种趋势虽然备受批评，但却愈演愈烈，已经蔓延到了汽车和大型家电等其他产品领域。然而，对于卫生保健产业中的一次性产品来说，这种做法却是无可非议的。
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