西方文化概述练习题目ck答案.doc

《西文化概论》习题

Chapter 1 Ancient Greek Culture
1. How did Zeus punish Prometheus for stealing fire from him?
【宙斯如何惩罚盗火的普罗米修斯？】P 6
Prometheus was chained to a mountain ,an eagle would devour his liver ,and his liver would grow out the next day before the eagle came to devour it again.
(普罗米修斯被锁链锁在一座山上，他的肝脏被一只鹰吞噬，而他的肝脏又会在第二天，那只鹰来吃之前长出来）
2. What does the phrase “Achilles’ heel” refer to?
【“阿基里斯之踵”指的是什么呢？】P 12
Achilles is the bravest and strongest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War,and his heel is his only weakness,now use the word Achilles’ heel to describe ones only weakness.
(阿基里是特洛伊战争中一个最勇敢最强壮的战士，后脚跟是他唯一的缺点，现在用这个词来形容一个人唯一的缺点）
3. What is the name of the mountain where the ancient Greeks believed their gods lived?
【古希腊人认为他们的神住在哪座山上？】P 6
Mount Olympia (奥林匹亚山）
4. Who is the god of the underworld?
【阴间的神是谁？】P 8
Hades(哈迪斯——冥王）
5. Which battle in ancient Greece started from the apple of discord?
【古希腊开战的祸根？】P13
The Trojan War(特洛伊战争）
6. What are the primary symbols of the sea god Poseidon?
【海神波塞冬的主要标志？】P 8
His weapon，trident（他的武器，三叉戟）
7. What is the psychological term coined by Sigmund Freud based on the Greek mythological character Oedipus?
【什么心理学词汇是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德根据希腊神话人物俄狄浦斯所创造的?
】 P 14
Oedipus complex（恋母情结）

8. Who was considered by Aristotle to be the first philosopher in Greek tradition?
【谁是亚里士多德认为的希腊传统上第一位哲♂学家】P 15
Thales（泰利斯）
9. In Greek mythology, Prometheus普罗米修斯 made human beings out of clay（粘上）, taught man how to survive in the harsh（严酷的） environment and stole fire from heaven for the benefit of man.
10.Apollo 阿波罗 is the sun-god and the god of music and poetry.
11. Artemis（阿耳特弥斯）, also known as Diana戴安娜, is the goddess of moon, wild animals, the hunt, vegetation, chastity and childbirth.
12. Athena雅典娜 is the goddess of war, handicraft and wisdom.
13. Aphrodite阿佛洛狄忒is the goddess of beauty and love, better known by her Roman name Venus维纳斯.
14. Eros is the son of Venus, better known by his Roman name Cupid丘比特_.
15. Hermes赫尔墨斯is the god of thieves（蒂费斯小偷）, travelers and merchants. He is often depicted with a pair of winged sandals有翅膀的凉鞋哈哈哈 and a winged cap（有翅膀的帽子看上去好傻啊哈哈哈），which enable him to travel swifter than sight.

16. Identify who each of the following descriptions is referring to. P 14-22
1) The greatest of ancient Greek epic poets, he is the author of the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey'. （这个人是古希腊的伟大诗人，写过《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》）
B.荷马不是河马
2) This philosopher was the teacher of Alexander the Great and set up his own school---named---Lyceum.（这个人担任过亚历山大大帝的老师，还建立了“学会”）
A.亚里士多德
3) For this philosopher everything was related to mathematics and numbers were the ultimate reality. He influenced Plato and discovered a theorem that was named after him. D.毕达哥拉斯_
4) This philosopher was the teacher of Plato and the protagonist of Plato’s dialogues. _E.苏格拉底
5) This philosopher and student of Socrates founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. C.柏拉图

A. Aristotle B. Homer C. Plato D. Pythagoras E. Socrates

Chapter 3 Food

1. What can the word “salad” mean? And the phrase “salad days”?
【“沙拉”是什么？“沙拉时光”又是什么？】 P77
Salad，a mixture of foods,consisting of chopped vegetables,meat,seafood and so on.
Salad days, means a youthful time.
(沙拉是一种混合食物，包含了切碎的菜，肉，海鲜之类的；沙拉时光指的是年轻的岁月）
2. When can salad be served during a meal?
【沙拉可以在那一餐上吃呢？】P78
Salads may be served at any point during a meal(沙拉在什么时候都可以吃）
3. Can you name some kinds of salad and explain them? What is the difference between green salads and vegetable salads?
【你能举一些沙拉品种的例子并且解释它们吗？绿色沙拉和蔬菜沙拉有什么区别吗？】 P78
Side salads,a kind of side dish;Entree salads,as the main dishes.We can add some meat, fish in green salads, but not in vegetables salads.(配菜沙拉，一种配菜；主菜沙拉，充当主菜；我们可以在绿色沙拉里面加鱼加肉 ，但不在蔬菜沙拉中加）
4. What are salad dressings? What are the three basic types of salad dressing applied in Western culture? Please give some examples of each type.
【沙拉酱是什么？西方文化中的三大主要沙拉酱是什么？请举例】 P79
They are sauces for salads.The three basic types of salads dressing are vinaigrette,creamy dressing and cooked dressing.(他们是沙拉的酱汁。三大主要沙拉酱是指醋，奶油酱和烹饪调料）
5. What is a typical cheese making process composed of?
【典型乳酪的制作过程】P81
Preparing the milk,separating the curds from the whey,pressing the curds,aging the cheese,wrapping natural cheese,and making and wrapping the processed cheese.(准备牛奶，从乳清中扩散凝乳，压凝乳，乳酪熟化，包装自然乳酪和制作并包装成品乳酪）
6. What are the eight cheese families?

【八大乳酪家族？】 P81
Fresh cheese,Bloomy rind cheese,Natural rind cheese,Blue-veined cheese,Uncooked pressed cheese,Cooked pressed cheese and Processed cheese.(白乳酪，花皮软质奶酪，水洗软质奶酪 ，压缩未熟奶酪 ，蓝（青）纹奶酪 ，压缩成熟奶酪， 山羊奶酪和 融化奶酪（再制干酪））顺序按百度的资料而定
7. When is the National Sandwich Day/Month in America? What is the main purpose of the celebration?【美国的国家三明治日在什么时候？庆祝的主要目的是？】 P82
November 3；The main purpose is to call people’s attention to the convenience,versatility and nutrition of sandwiches,(十一月3号；主要目的是让人关注三明治的便捷，多功能和营养）
8. What can the word “spaghetti” mean? And where does the phrase “spaghetti genre（类型） of films” originate from?
【“意大利面”是什么东西？短语“意大利面类型的电影”来自何处？】P84
Spaghetti is one type of pasta that is loved throughout the world.And the phrase “spaghetti genre of films”can be used to describe something that is complicated or tangled. Most of these films were produced and directed by Italians.(意大利面s是意大利面p的一种类型，被全世界热爱。“意大利面类型的电影”这句短语是指错综复杂的电影，这些电影通常由意大利人编导）
9. What can the word “turkey” evoke（唤起） and why?
【“火鸡”这个词是怎么叫开的？为什么？】P85
Images of family, friends celebration and giving thanks since turkey has been associated（相关的） with holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas for a long time.（很长一段时间内，在家庭聚会，朋友们庆祝的时候，例如感恩节和圣诞节，都有火鸡的身影）

10. When is the season to for enjoying turkey?
【享用火鸡的季节？】 P85
November（十一月）

11. What is the turkey viewed as?
【火鸡被视为什么？】P85
An icon of America and symbol of freedom（美国的图标与自由的象征哈哈哈！火鸡居然是自由的象征哈哈哈！还是美国的图标哈哈哈~~~~~~）
12. What is a full course dinner made up of?
【一个完整的晚餐流程？】P88
Appetizer, main (meat) course and dessert.（开胃菜，主菜和小吃）
13. What is the simple rule to order the wine?
【点酒次序的简单规则？】P88
White wine for white meat such as fish and chicken and red wine for red meat such as beef.（白酒配白肉，如鱼啊，鸡啊这类；红酒配红肉，如牛肉）
Chapter 4 Customs

I. Birthday（P102）
1. Traditionally, on the day when a baby is born, girls are dressed in pink and boys in blue.(按传统，参加一个孩子的出生日时，女孩穿粉衣服，男孩穿蓝衣服）
2. To celebrate the newly born, the father would use cigars雪茄 as gifts in the past, but nowadays, people will choose Tootsie Rolls蛋卷 or candy cigars糖果雪茄.
3. Naming ceremonies命名仪式, christenings洗礼, infant baptisms婴儿洗礼 and dedications奉献礼 are the main events for the member of the family.
4. On birthday, usually the birthday person cuts the initial（最初的） piece of the cake and gets ____ piece of it.
A. the first √ B. the last C. the middle
5. As for present giving（礼品赠送）, the present is _____.
A. given to the birthday person face-to-face
B. given to the birthday person from the behind
C. held over（推迟） the birthday person’s head.√→p103，第三行
6. Some family celebrations are raucous（喧闹的）. Please match the Column A with B according to their customs.（让A与对应的B匹配）
A. country
B. customs
Canada
The friends and family of the birthday person take him by the arms and legs, and bump him up into the air and down onto the floor.
Argentina（阿根廷）
The birthday person is punched （穿孔）according to his age, plus one for good luck.
UK
The birthday person has his earlobes pulled.

7. Some birthdays mark certain milestone（里程碑） ages. For, a Jewish （犹太）boy, it is the 13th birthday; for a Jewish girl, it is 12th. For girls in the US may be allowed to _have their ears pierced in honor of their 13th birthday在13岁打耳洞. On their _16th_ birthday, children in America may get_a car of their own.(美国小孩在她们十六岁生日的时候还可能会得到一辆车）

8. What are usually used to decorate（装修）the house at birthday party?
【什么在生日会上经常用来装扮房子？】 p102
Balloons,streamers and confetti.(气球，飘带和五彩纸屑）
II. Baptism（洗礼/严峻考验）←p104
1. How to baptize, generally speaking【总的来说，如何洗礼？】?

2. As for infant baptism, which of the following statements are true, which are false?
1). Only the parents of the infant come to the rite（仪式/惯例）.
2). A golden baptism dress is prepared for the baby.√
3). Photographs and videos（影像资料） are forbidden during the baptism.
4). At the moment of baptism, the priest（牧师） utters （说出）the words “ God bless you, Amen!”√
5). The christening gown （洗礼仪式礼服）may also be handed down form generation to generation if it is well kept.√
6). Catholics（天主教徒，不是巧克力） believe that babies are born in sin（罪）.√
7). From the Protestant（新教） view, infant baptism is a promise made by the parents that the parents will raise it in a godly （神圣的）home and bring it to church services.√

III. Courtship and Marriage→p107
A). Courtship（求爱）and engagement（订婚）
1. In the West, when a man and a woman date, _____.
A. the man always pay the bill
B. the woman usually pay her own way during the day.√
2. When should a man pay the bill?
3. If the couple of lovers are going into marriage, the man should make a proposal （建议）by _____ to the woman.
A. giving a house B. giving a bunch of flowers
C. giving a car D. giving a ring√
4. Generally speaking, who will declare（声明） the engagement and wedding notice ?
The bride’s parents.(新娘的父母将会在订婚和婚礼仪式上进行声明）
5. Traditionally, the wedding fees should be paid by the bride’s family_.
6. Traditionally, the fees of the rehearsal(彩排） feast（盛宴） and other accessories（配件/辅助程序） should be paid by the groom’s family.（彩排，盛宴和辅助程序的费用由新郎家出）
7. Traditionally wedding gifts should be _a favorite item to the couple_ and _it should be practial and not expensive_.(传统的新婚礼品应当是新人喜欢的形式，并且要实用且不贵的）
8. At the night before the wedding, the groom-to-be often feted（盛情款待） with a stag（全是男人的）party while the bride-to-be have _hen_party.（在婚礼前一晚，准新郎会被邀请去男人趴体，而准新娘会被邀请去女人趴体）→p108

B). Wedding
1. Modern (现代的）wedding customs and traditions can be dated back to the Middle Ages.(现代婚礼习俗的传统可以追随到中世纪）
2. As for the reason of holding wedding ceremony, there are three explanations. What are they?（关于举行婚礼仪式的三个说明）
Bringing the couple good luck,bring many children,permanent love and lifelong devotion.(好运，孩子，爱和永恒你mb！） 不确定
3. For the dressing during the wedding, the traditional custom is Sth old,sth new,sth borrowed,sth blue. 不确定
4. Would you please tell us the dressing code（代码/密码） of the bride and groom and their symbolic meaning?（新人礼服的密码和秘密？什么鬼？？？？）

5. Would you please translate the following terms into Chinese?
1). bridesmaids 伴娘 2). the best man 最佳人选 3). Pages侍候
4). Ushers招待员 5). maid of honor伴娘 6). Groomsmen伴郎7). the flower girl 女花童8). the ringbearer男花童 9).juniorbridesmaid初级伴娘
6. Noisy celebrations are held to try to drive the evil spirits away from the community. How do people do usually?
7. Why do bride wear veils in wedding? p109
8. Give 3 examples of practice in a traditional wedding? p109

C). The wedding ceremony
1. Please draw a draft of how to seat correctly during the wedding ceremony.
2. The bride entourage is often composed of ______, ________, ______, and ______ and ______.
3. Please rearrange the following statements and make a correct process of wedding.
1). the bride and groom face a cleric or judge who conducts the service.
2). the usher escorts the grandparents of the bride and groom and seat them, and the mothers of the bride and groom..
3). the bride will enter and take her walk down the aisle wither her father who leads her.
4). the maid or matron of honor will come in.
5). the bridesmaid will enter escorted by the groomsmen.
6). the ring bearer enters, followed by or together with the flower girl.
7). the couple exchanges vows and promises.
8). the couple signs the wedding register.
9). the couple exchange rings.
10). guests throw flower petals, rice, or confetti over the couple.
4. When the couple exchange rings, _____.
A. the bride places the ring on the left hand, the groom the right hand.
B. the bride paces the ring on the right hand, the groom the left hand.
C. bother of them place the rings on the left hand.
5. What’s the symbolic meaning of the ring?

D). Funeral
1. Decide whether the following statements true or false.
1). The place of burial for the Jews could be anywhere they like.
2). Once, the ancient Greeks were buried somewhere in their own town.
3). For the Romans, they didn’t have the habit of building tombs for themselves during their lifetime.
4). In Australia, people would bury the deceased with a wooden plate resting on his chest with a little earth and salt in it.
5). The corpse of Jewish is displayed during the funerals.
6). Meals or gatherings are forbidden after the funerals.
2. What are the three parts of funeral rituals?
3. What’ the burial etiquette mentioned in the passage?

E). Lost Teeth
1. What do children in the west do after they lose their teeth? p105

Chapter 5 Festivals

1. What is the oldest film festival in the world? P142
2. What are the Europe’s leading film festivals? P142
3. What are the awards of each festival? P142-144
When is Mother’s Day and Father’s Day mostly known in US P135
5. For the festival of “Passover,” what did the Israelites do to let God pass over them to protect the firstborn boys at home? (p.134)
6. Why “Mother’s Day” is named in a singular possessive form, not plural? (p.135)
7. What festival in the western culture is synonymous with our Ghost Month of July in Chinese lunar calendar? A: Halloween. (136)
8. When is Halloween? p136
9. What is the popular story about the origin of Valentine’s Day? p133
10. What are the 3 best-known international film festivals in Europe?
11. What kinds of celebrations will be hold during the Easter day? (p.134)
12. What is the history background of Thanksgiving Day? (p.137)
13. How did people celebrate Christmas Day? (p.127-128)

填空题
Traditional western festivals can be vaguely categorized into ________ festival and secular festival. P132
Passover is one of the most significant Christian festivals in remember of the event lord led Israelites to escape from ________ where they were confined as ________. P133
Easter day is the annual festival commemorating the resurrection of ________. P134
Mother’s day originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the mother of gods, _______ As time goes by, red ________ become the symbol of a living mother while white ones for one’s mother passed away. P135
Father’s day is observed on ________ in the US to compliment fatherhood and male parenting. P 135
Bonfire night is a British festival that takes place on the 5th of November. It originated from a ________ the Gunpowder plot---a group of catholic conspirator aimed to blow up the ________in Westminster, London. P 136
Thanksgiving Day is an American holiday on the ________ of each November. P136
It is the ________ that first celebrated Christmas in 336AD. P137

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