初中英语语法(考点)大全.doc

Be Hungry, Be Foolish初中英语语法汇总一词类(Parts of Speech)2二名词(Nouns)2三代词(Pronouns)4四数词(Numeral)4五动词(Verb)5六介词(Prepositions)6七冠词（Articles）7八形容词（The Adjective）8九句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)9十一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句9考试常用关键词汇（完备）11一词类(Parts of Speech)名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称，例词boy clock book等；代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词，例词we that his what；数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序，例词one thirteen first；动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态，例词sit go be(am is are);介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系，例词in on of to under；冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物，例词a(an),the；形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征，例词old red fine good；副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，例词not too here very;连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句，例词and or but；感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。 例词oh hello hi er；二名词(Nouns)1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。Lucy，China 中国，Asia 亚洲，Beijing 北京。专有名词的第一个字母要大写；普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 老师，tea 茶，reform 改革，普通名词又可进一步分为四类；1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:an apple，two apples，a car，some cars不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙 sugar 糖少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词但含义不同。glass玻璃, glass玻璃杯, paper纸, paper报纸文件名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语(书包在桌子里边) I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语(昨天我洗了我的衣服)This is a good book. book 作表语(这是一本好书)We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语(我们选他为我们的班长)Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语(玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起)He is a Party member. Party 作定语(他是一名党员)They study hard day and night. day and night作状语(他们白天黑夜地学习)3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如: bags，maps，pens，desks，workers 2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:buses watches boxes3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:licences blouses oranges4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:babies families5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves. bookshelves， wives， knives 注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有， man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。 scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。 The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。 I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。 名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。 Lu Xuns book is worth reading. 鲁迅的书值得一读。 This is my fathers room. 这是我父亲的房间。 名词所有格的构成单数名词 加s 例词:Mikes father以s结尾的复数名词 加 例词:the teachers room不以s结尾的复数名词 加s 例词:mens womens三代词(Pronouns)1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)四数词(Numeral)表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(Cardinal Numbers)1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred序数词（Ordinal Numbers）序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。fist 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21ththird 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th seventieth 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100th eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th五动词(Verb)一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)一般现在时表示现在的状态,如:He is twelve.She is at home.表示经常的或是习惯性的动作,如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.表示主语具备的的性格和能力等,如:She like apple.They know English.1.动词be(Verb to be)肯定式I am.否定I am not.肯定式You are.否定式You are not.肯定式He/She/It is.否定式He/She/It is not.疑问句和简略答语Am I .?Yes,you are./No,I you are not.Are you.?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.There be结构There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语某地/某时有某物/某人的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须是一致.肯定式:There is(Theres)a table in your room.There are(Therere)some pencils on the desk.否定式:There is not(There isnt)any cats here.There are not(arent)any cats here.疑问式和简略答语Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isnt).Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(arent).How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.六介词(Prepositions)介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.本册课本出现的介词短语如下:at: at home at school at six thirtybehind behind the door/tree behind ones chairbeside beside the door beside the housefrom from one to a hundredin in Row/Team/Class/Grade4 in ones school/grade/class/team/rom in your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in the same class in different classes in English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the door of: a picture of a classroom a map of Chinathe name of her cat the wall of their classroonon on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike on the dutyto (a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work under under the desk/table under the tree/window under ones chair/bed(1) 表示时间：at: 表示某一时间点,如：at noonon: 表示特定的日子,如：on Christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间,如： in the morning， in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如：on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期,如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词,如： for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇,例： It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点,例：I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限,例： Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某动作的起始点,例：I have studied English since 1990(2) 表示地点：at: 表示较小的地点,如： arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点,如： arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地,例： Ill leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover: 表示垂直上方，其反意词是under,例： The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过,如： through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越,例： I want to walk across the road.七冠词（Articles）冠词是一种虚词，让在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义，冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)和定冠词（The Define Article）两种，a（an）是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前，如：a road,a boy；an; 用在元音之前，如：an hour ；an old man等；the是定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange,please.指某人或某事，但不具体说明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We work five days a week。表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的词组中。a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago2.定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物 Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指双方都知一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1)原级，即原形。2)比较级，表示“较”或“更一些”的意思。3)最高级，表示“最”的意思。八形容词（The Adjective）1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-est cold colder coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow slowest以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-st nice nicer nicest large larger largest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbig bigger biggestthin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改“y”为“i”，再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少数以-er，-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er，-est clever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdelicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不规则变化good/well better best bad/badly worse worst much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较 Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注：在形容词和副词的比较级前，有时可以用much，a little等来修饰，如：much better a little taller九句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.,I think its his.疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?,Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.,Lets play games.感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!,How beautiful the flowers are!十一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句一般疑问句（General Question）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。例如：Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isnt.Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I cant.Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they dont.特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.考试常用关键词汇（完备）1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同一道，伴随 eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for 求助 向要（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of 的起初；的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够 eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕 eg : Im afraed to go out at night Im afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: Im allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Dont be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as原级as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原） 将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像 eg : Im like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气 50 be made from 由制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 51 be made of 由制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表*的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : Hes strict in obeying noles 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: Im sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师） 68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: Im suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试 69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 startwith=beginwith 以什么开始什么 eg : Lets begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 betweenand 两者之间 79 borrow sth from sb 向借 lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : Im sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 Hes bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 84 care 关心 eg : Dont you care about this countrys future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来 89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 92 dance to 随着跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞 93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在方面做得更好 96 do w