2020上海高考英语一模阅读理解C汇编.doc

上海高考英语备考训练

上海高考英语题型训练: 阅读理解C
2020高三第一学期期末质量抽查

Section B
Directions: Read the following three passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (C)
松江
The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, pure, unprejudiced, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide mere: it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is a very important assignment facing American journalists 一 to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing as "local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in the financial market, political circles, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life. There is in journalism a widespread view that when you start an interpretation, you are entering dangerous waters, the rushing tides of opinion. This is nonsense.
The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall limit themselves to the “facts". This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? Are the bare facts enough?
As for the first question, consider how a so-called "factual" story conics about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall make up the beginning of the article, which is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. This is Judgment Number Two. Then the right editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large influence, or on page twenty four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.
Thus in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or ''objective”, story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporters and editors, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their "news neutralism", arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, arc both objective and subjective processes. If an editor is determined to give a prejudiced view of the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that support his particular viewpoint. Or he can do it by the place he gives a story 一 promoting it to page one or dragging it to page thirty.
63. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. If a reporter makes clear the facts he writes, he will no doubt get into trouble.
B. Journalists must select facts objectively to make current events clear to the readers.
C. The most important task of reporters is Io provide unprejudiced facts for the readers.
D. For reporters, interpretation of facts is no less important than presentation of the facts.
64. The beginning of the article should present the most important fact because .
A. it will influence the reader to continue
B. most readers read only the first paragraph
C. it details the general attitude of the writer
D. it's the best way to write according to the schools of journal ism
65. Where a story is presented in a newspaper shows .
A. the editor's prejudice
B. the reporter's background
C. the story's factual matter
D. the story's effect on the readers
66. Which of the following can best express the author's attitude toward objectiveness?
A. Objectiveness is controlled by editors rather than writers
B. Properly choosing facts prepares a solid ground for objectiveness.
C. He doesn't think there exists complete objectiveness in news writing.
D. To make clear the news is a way to be objective and responsible for the readers.

黄浦
Risk is something we face daily. However, some people are obviously more willing to take risks than others.
Biologists appear to have discovered a physical reason that explains why some people are risk - takers. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that spreads signals between nerve cells. It is linked to the brains reward system and is the chemical that makes us feel good, and scientists believe it to be inked to risk - taking. Our nerve cells have dopamine receptors（接收器）which control the amount of dopamine that each cell receives. But not all receptors may be active. When a person had few active receptors to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can become flooded resulting in an extreme feeling of happiness.
Researchers at Vanderbilt University and Albert Einstein College of Medicine asked 34 men and women to complete a questionnaire about their risk taking to assess whether they seek new opportunities or are cautious in life. The results of the research were consistent with similar studies carried out with rats, and had the same outcome. It concluded that people who are risk-takers have fewer dopamine receptors than people who are not. This suggests that the rush of pleasure a risk taker receives when a cell becomes flooded with dopamine can become addictive for some people. They therefore pursue new and exciting activities in order to try to repeat this feeling, and as a result their concern for risk becomes considerable reduced.
Dopamine gives us a biological reason for risk - taking, but scientists believe there may be psychological reasons too. Sensation - seeking is a personality characteristic that describes the desire to find activities that bring us pleasure. In 1964, psychologist Marvin Zuckerman created the sensation - seeking scale. His 40 -item questionnaire, still used today, was given to people who were active in seeking new activities, and to people who were more satisfied with a quiet life. While risk - taking is not a characteristic in itself, it is very much associated with sensation - seeking, as a high sensation - seeker does not evaluate risk in the same way that a low sensation - seeker does. a desire to achieve pleasure means that there is a greater willingness to take more risks.
There are both biological and psychological explanations as to why some people may choose to take more risks than others. However, none of these explanations are definitive.
63. If a person has fewer active dopamine receptors. ________.
A. he is less likely to feel happy
B. he is more willing to take risks
C. he will eventually become dopamine - addictive
D. he is poorer at controlling the amount of dopamine
64. The underlined phrase “consistent with” is closest to in meaning.
A. contrary to B. in agreement with C. at the cost of D. persistent in
65. What can be concluded from paragraph 4?
A. The longing for pleasure may lead to risk taking.
B. A willingness to take more risks can be cultivated.
C. The sensation - seeking scale can help to evaluate risk.
D. High sensation - seekers are more common than low ones.
66. This passage mainly talks about ________.
A. when we learn to take risks B. how risk - taking benefits us
C. what makes risk - takers D. why we should take risks

虹口
For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by regulated industries and libertarian think tanks（自由主义智囊团）whose interests and beliefs are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things, from the structure of the universe to the relativity of time and space.
Quoting successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. What is typically declared to be the scientific method -- develop a supposition, then design an experiment to test it -- isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is active so that new methods get invented and old ones get abandoned. The scientific method doesn’t always work. False theories can produce true results, so even if an experiment works, it doesn’t prove that the theory it was designed to test it true.
If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the guarantee for trust in science?
The answer is the methods by which those claims are evaluated. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a long process of examination by fellow scientists. Until this point, scientific feedback is typically fairly friendly. But the next step is different: once the paper is ready, it is presented to a scientific journal, where things get a whole lot tougher. Editors deliberately send scientific papers to people who are not friends or colleagues of the authors, and the job of the reviewer is to find errors or other inadequacies. We call this process “peer review” because the reviewers are scientific peers but they act in the role of a superior who has both the right and the obligation to find fault. It is only after the reviewers and the editor are satisfied that any problems have been fixed that the paper is accepted for publication and enters the body of “science.”
Does this process ever go wrong? Of course. Scientists are human. But if we look carefully at historical cases where science went wrong, typically there was no agreement reached by all. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical（矛盾的）: that science produces both novelty（新颖性）and stability. New observations, ideas, interpretations introduce novelty: trans-formative questioning leads to collective decisions and the stability of scientific knowledge. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.
63. Distrust in science has been found because _________.
A. scientists’ citing successes isn’t persuasive for many people to some extent
B. most scientists have tended to lay too much emphasis on the success of science
C. a wide - ranging and organized campaign has been founded in some industries and think tanks
D. someone’s benefits and beliefs are endangered by the findings of modern science
64. Which of the following statements will the author agree with about a scientific method?

A. A scientific method doesn’t necessarily take effect because science is changing.
B. A scientific method is not right because it isn’t what scientists actually do.
C. A successful experiment can guarantee the truthfulness of a claim by a scientific method.
D. True theories can produce false results because the scientific method doesn’t work.
65. What purpose does “peer review” in evaluating a scientific claim mainly serve?
A. The scientific claim can be completely accepted by the reviewers in the same field.
B. The scientific peers can draw right conclusions by finding its faults or other inadequacies.
C. The scientific claim can be published and recognized as true in science.
D. The scientific paper can be successfully submitted to a scientific journal.
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _________.
A. Not all the claims about the falsehood of well-established science lead to its being overturned
B. It is inevitable that science sometimes goes wrong because it appears paradoxical
C. The beauty of science lies in the paradox of being both novel and stable
D. Science is not trustful because scientists always change their minds.

宝山
5G, the fifth generation of wireless, promises lightning-fast download speeds and could lay foundation for high-tech advancements like self-driving cars. But like many new technologies, it's causing concern about potential health issues.
The first generation of wireless introduced mobile phones, and 2G brought texting. 3G laid the groundwork for smart-phones, and 4G allowed video streaming and more. 5G is expected to download data 20 times faster than its predessor(前任)，and some experts argue it could be much faster.
Too much of a good thing?
It's not just about streaming data faster, it's about streaming more of it. On a 5G network, a user can download a movie instantly, and data will flow between connected objects without delay. The amount of data people use on mobile devices has gone up 40 times since 2010 and is only expected to increase. 5G networks are wireless companies attempts to satisfy that demand.
Uncertain effects
The untested nature of 5G, and the extensiveness of its infrastructure(基础设施）has some worried that the increased exposure could have serious health effects. Wireless safety advocates（倡议人士）have called for more studies on the effects of the exposure, and one group is trying to stop the installment of 5G networks in Chicago's neighborhoods.
The federal government has safety rules that wireless companies must obey that limit human exposure to radio waves, including frequencies uses with 5G.
Wireless industry association CTIA says typical exposure to 5G infrastructure is comparable to Bluetooth devices and baby monitors, and there is no scientific evidence of negative health effects.
Still, assurances from government agencies and industry operators are not enough for Chicago resident Judy Blake. Additional studies on 5G’s health impacts likely wouldn’t soothe her either. She said, “People can't choose whether or not to be exposed to this radiation.” “I don’t need another test. The only test that’s going to happen now is people’s lives,” said Blake.
Only time will tell?
Though little is known about the long-term health impact of the millimeter waves that 5G operates on, some research has shown short-term exposure could be problematic, said Joel Moskowitz, a public health expert at the University of California at Berkeley.
The eyes and sweat glands(腺体）are among several body parts studies have shown could be at risk. Moskowitz said. Insects and plant life could also be affected, he added.
The millimeter waves used in SG are absorbed by the upper layers of skin, potentially causing the temperature of the skin to rise, said Suresh Borkar, senior lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology. The effects of extended rises in skin temperature “become a big unknown,” he said.
This isn't the first time people will come into contact with millimeter waves: They're also used in airport body scanners, said Lav Varshney, assistant professor of electrical and computer enginee