文档英译汉理论与实践教程程永生.pptx

英译汉理论与实践教程英译汉理论与实践教程程永生程永生Translation from English into Chinese:Theory and PracticeCheng YongshengCheng Yongsheng说说 明明 2006年申报省级精品课程时将本课程教学课件的全部内容挂到网上。由于已经运行了相当长的一段时间，这次更新时做了较大的修改，但考虑到不能太多地挤占网络空间，这次仅章仅选2个例子挂到网上，以便收到举一反三的效果。作者简介：程永生，男，程永生，男，19461946年生，安徽潜山人。本科年生，安徽潜山人。本科毕业于安徽大学外语系英语专业，曾留学新西兰，毕业于安徽大学外语系英语专业，曾留学新西兰，研究生毕业于坎特伯雷大学英语系，获优硕士学研究生毕业于坎特伯雷大学英语系，获优硕士学位位(MA with honors)(MA with honors)。安徽理工大学教授；安徽大。安徽理工大学教授；安徽大学兼职教授、硕士生导师。研究方向为语言学和学兼职教授、硕士生导师。研究方向为语言学和翻译理论与实践。作者近期的主要著述有：翻译理论与实践。作者近期的主要著述有：描描写交际翻译学写交际翻译学、汉译英理论与实践教程汉译英理论与实践教程、国内现当代研究翻译理论之概况国内现当代研究翻译理论之概况（国家十五（国家十五重点图书出版规划项目重点图书出版规划项目中国翻译通史中国翻译通史的一部的一部分，共分，共1111章），还发表了十多篇有关翻译研究方章），还发表了十多篇有关翻译研究方面的论文。面的论文。目录 前言前言第一章第一章 报刊文章选段汉译报刊文章选段汉译第二章第二章 美国总统就职演说汉译美国总统就职演说汉译第三章第三章 英国名家演说汉译英国名家演说汉译 第四章第四章 英美小说汉译英美小说汉译第五章第五章 美国文学史选段汉译美国文学史选段汉译第六章第六章 国外翻译理论著作选段汉译国外翻译理论著作选段汉译前言 我校我校19961996年建立英语专业，成立外语系，我年建立英语专业，成立外语系，我19981998年开始从事英译汉和汉译英教学。从一开始，年开始从事英译汉和汉译英教学。从一开始，便立足于自己选编材料，从理论与实践两个方面便立足于自己选编材料，从理论与实践两个方面jiaojiao教授英译汉和汉译英。开始，选用的材料很多，教授英译汉和汉译英。开始，选用的材料很多，真正上课时用得较少。三年之后，对如何开设英真正上课时用得较少。三年之后，对如何开设英译汉、如何开设汉译英便渐渐胸中有数。译汉、如何开设汉译英便渐渐胸中有数。于是决定，将段落作为讲解英译汉的材料单位，于是决定，将段落作为讲解英译汉的材料单位，从文体的角度划分教学时段，将简略的翻译理论从文体的角度划分教学时段，将简略的翻译理论介绍穿插在教学过程之中。于是便筹划编写介绍穿插在教学过程之中。于是便筹划编写英英译汉理论与实践教程译汉理论与实践教程油印本。油印本。前言（续）油印本于2003年初具规模，分八章，其中前六章与这里使用的相同，另外还有英语戏剧汉译和英语诗歌汉译两章。每章20个选段，其中名家演说分英国的和美国的两章，每章各10个选段，八章共140个选段。由于英语戏剧和诗歌汉译，对本科生来说比较生疏，上课的时间也未必够用，因此，我们这里就没有选用这两章，而只用六章，100个选段。前言（续）在我看来，翻译的成功与否，很大程度上取决于译者对原文的看法与理解。由于是本科教学，看法问题不宜展开讨论，而理解问题即使在传统译学中也是十分强调的。而在课堂上讲解理解，又不能仅凭借老师对这个问题的感悟。也就是说，要将理解讲得头头是道，就得诉诸于对原文的分析。于是，我在实践中结合自身条件摸索出了语法分析和文体分析相结合的路子。具体地说就是，从语法的角度分析原文前言（续）各个句子，看它们是简单句还是复合句，是主从复合句还是并列复合句，是并列并列复合句还是并列主从复合句，是主从并列复合句还是主从主从复合句，等等。另外，还注重构成句子复杂性的其他因素如看一个句子是以主语开头还是以其它成分开头，有没有插入成分、同位成分以及这些成分中有没有镶嵌其他成分等。前言（续）文体是一个很复杂的课题。我们仅选用了其中文体是一个很复杂的课题。我们仅选用了其中的五个参数，即从整句与散句、句子复杂程度、的五个参数，即从整句与散句、句子复杂程度、平行结构、衔接手段和词句正式程度的角度，分平行结构、衔接手段和词句正式程度的角度，分析原文的文体。通过语法文体分析，学生与教师析原文的文体。通过语法文体分析，学生与教师对原文会有更深刻的理解。当然，由于两种语言对原文会有更深刻的理解。当然，由于两种语言和与之相对应的两种文化之间的差异，通过翻译和与之相对应的两种文化之间的差异，通过翻译之后，如果将原文和译文比较一下，哪怕是与直之后，如果将原文和译文比较一下，哪怕是与直译的译文比较一下，就会发现，原文的许多语法译的译文比较一下，就会发现，原文的许多语法特征、文体特征都已经丧失。这是翻译的本质使特征、文体特征都已经丧失。这是翻译的本质使前言（续）然，而不是译者的过失。从这里，我们也可以更然，而不是译者的过失。从这里，我们也可以更深刻地理解翻译的本质和传统译论中关于翻译文深刻地理解翻译的本质和传统译论中关于翻译文体风格的做法的可行性和理论阐述的真理性。体风格的做法的可行性和理论阐述的真理性。在翻译教学中，我不太喜欢使用在翻译教学中，我不太喜欢使用“你应该这样译，你应该这样译，不应该那样译不应该那样译”、“你翻译的比他翻译更忠实于你翻译的比他翻译更忠实于原文原文”、“译文质量全靠译文的对等程度译文质量全靠译文的对等程度”之类之类的规定性话语，而喜欢用描写性话语。加上，如的规定性话语，而喜欢用描写性话语。加上，如果说在过去的课堂上，三句话不离果说在过去的课堂上，三句话不离“信达雅信达雅”的的话，现在的课堂上则三句话不离话，现在的课堂上则三句话不离“直译与意译直译与意译”、“归化与异归化与异前言（续）化化“。因此，我们在翻译教学中提倡分阶段翻译。因此，我们在翻译教学中提倡分阶段翻译。具体地说就是，分三个阶段、用三种方法翻译原具体地说就是，分三个阶段、用三种方法翻译原文。第一阶段，采用异化译法，从词汇到结构直文。第一阶段，采用异化译法，从词汇到结构直译原文；第二阶段，采用异化加归化的方法翻译译原文；第二阶段，采用异化加归化的方法翻译原文，在直译的基础上对原文做局部调整，但一原文，在直译的基础上对原文做局部调整，但一般不重组原文的结构；第三阶段，采用归化方法般不重组原文的结构；第三阶段，采用归化方法翻译原文，基本上是在熟读原文的基础上，将原翻译原文，基本上是在熟读原文的基础上，将原文的意义领悟在胸，然后按照汉语的行文习惯，文的意义领悟在胸，然后按照汉语的行文习惯，下笔抒词。三种方法生产出三种不同的产品，但下笔抒词。三种方法生产出三种不同的产品，但前言（续）我们认为，这些都是正确的译文。第一种译文，可能就是鲁迅先生所说的“容忍多少的不顺”的那种。这样的译文，有时不太妨碍理解，有时如果你学过外文，通过嘴嚼，也能领略作者的意图；第二种译文基本上是文从字顺的，但在行文和意义表达的地道性上尚欠火候；第三种译文实际上就是写作，但我们不主张抛开原文太远，因为毕竟是英语专业本科生的课堂教学。前言（续）按照这样的思路，我将六章材料基本上写成了一本英译汉理论与实践教程。但有些地方看来还需要调整，编成教材后，如何使用书中的材料等问题还没有考虑得十分成熟，所以本书虽于2003年完成了初稿，至今尚没有出版。但2005年在申报省级精品课程翻译理论与实践时已经将书稿挂到网上了。前言（续）由于还没有正式出版，所以教学时，只将原文由于还没有正式出版，所以教学时，只将原文选段包括各章后面的练习印发给学生，供他们预选段包括各章后面的练习印发给学生，供他们预习、复习、完成课后作业之需。习、复习、完成课后作业之需。本人在使用本书时，一般每节讲解三个选段。本人在使用本书时，一般每节讲解三个选段。第一个选段由老师做示范讲解，第二选段供学生第一个选段由老师做示范讲解，第二选段供学生自己课堂研讨，第三个选段老师用于总结。另外自己课堂研讨，第三个选段老师用于总结。另外两个选段，在时间允许的时候，要求学生上黑板两个选段，在时间允许的时候，要求学生上黑板翻译，由老师讲评。翻译，由老师讲评。第一章 报刊文章选段汉译第一节第二节第三节第四节Original 1:Outside the United Nations,human rights Outside the United Nations,human rights matters have been discussed with the Group of matters have been discussed with the Group of 7 major industrialized countries and the Non-7 major industrialized countries and the Non-Allied Movement at their summit meetings,as Allied Movement at their summit meetings,as well as with the Organization of American well as with the Organization of American States,the Organization of African Unity,the States,the Organization of African Unity,the Association of South-East Asian Nations,Association of South-East Asian Nations,European Union,the Commonwealth of European Union,the Commonwealth of Independent States,the Rio Group and in other Independent States,the Rio Group and in other important regional and subregional forums.important regional and subregional forums.1)Analysis of the original:A)Grammatical analysisB)Stylistic analysisA)Grammatical analysis:(1)Sentence structure(2)Additional complication(1)Sentence structure:The selection consists of an unusually long simple sentence,whose backbone structure could be reduced tohuman rights matters have been discussed with as well as with .(2)Additional complication：The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase.B)Stylistic analysis:(1)Periodicity(2)Structural complication(3)Parallel structure(4)Cohesive device(5)Structural and lexical formality(1)Periodicity：The selection consists of a single simple sentence only and it is a periodic sentence,beginning with a prepositional phrase.By the way,the selection sounds exotic to the Chinese ear with so many names of international organizations.(2)Structural complication：The selection is structurally complicated with the two coordinate prepositional phrases at the end of the sentence.(3)Parallel structure：In the selection,parallel structures are In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,frequently used,for example,with with,as well asas well as withwith;the Group of 7 major industrialized the Group of 7 major industrialized countries countries and and the Non-Allied Movementthe Non-Allied Movement;the the Organization of American StatesOrganization of American States,the the Organization of African UnityOrganization of African Unity,the Association of the Association of South-East Asian NationsSouth-East Asian Nations,European UnionEuropean Union,the the Commonwealth of Independent StatesCommonwealth of Independent States,the Rio the Rio GroupGroup;and;and regional regional andand subregional.subregional.(4)Cohesive device：I In terms of cohesive device,n terms of cohesive device,e examples could xamples could be found as follows:the pattern be found as follows:the pattern discussed discussed with with and with and with is used to reinforce the is used to reinforce the coherence of the whole passage;parallel coherence of the whole passage;parallel structures are used throughout the selection;structures are used throughout the selection;the possessive pronoun the possessive pronoun theirtheir is used to refer to is used to refer to Group of 7 major industrialized countries and Group of 7 major industrialized countries and the Non-Allied Movementthe Non-Allied Movement;names of;names of international organizations are listed one after international organizations are listed one after another;another;subregional and regionalsubregional and regional are used as are used as partial repetitions,and so on.partial repetitions,and so on.(5)Structural and lexical formality：Structurally,the selection is formal for all the sentences it contains are grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures.Lexically,the selection is also formal for the frequent employment of such formal words,including nominalizations,as matter,discuss,major,industrialize,summit,movement,organization,association,commonwealth,independent and others.2)Staged translationA)Translation 1 with commentsB)Translation 2 with commentsC)Translation 3 with commentsA)Translation 1:联合国之外，人权方面的事务已经讨论过了，和七个主要工业国集团、不结盟运动，在它们的峰会上；也已经讨论过了，同美洲国家组织、非洲统一组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、里约集团以及在其他重要的地区和次地区的论坛上。Comments:Such a translation is awkward in that in the case of Such a translation is awkward in that in the case of expressing similar ideas as the selection contains,the expressing similar ideas as the selection contains,the usual Chinese way will be:usual Chinese way will be:某某问题已经在某某地点和某某某问题已经在某某地点和某某、某某以及某某讨论过了某、某某以及某某讨论过了.If the discussion partner list.If the discussion partner list is too long,the Chinese might turn to such expression as is too long,the Chinese might turn to such expression as 某某问题已经在某某地点和某某与某某讨论过了，也已经某某问题已经在某某地点和某某与某某讨论过了，也已经在某某地点和某某、某某在某某地点和某某、某某等讨论过了，等讨论过了，.The.The alternative Chinese patterns point to the necessity that alternative Chinese patterns point to the necessity that such phrases assuch phrases as和七个主要工业国集团、不结盟运动和七个主要工业国集团、不结盟运动;在在它们的峰会上它们的峰会上;同美洲国家组织、非洲统一组织、东南亚同美洲国家组织、非洲统一组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、里约集团以及在其国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、里约集团以及在其他重要的地区和次地区的论坛上他重要的地区和次地区的论坛上should be fronted or should be fronted or reorganized.reorganized.B)Translation 2:在联合国之外，人权问题已经在峰会上同七大工业国集团、不结盟运动讨论过了，也已经同美洲国家组织、非统组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体和里约集团讨论过了，在其他地区性和次地区性的论坛上也已经讨论过了。Comments:The present translation is different from the previous in that by repeating 同讨论过了with 在也已经讨论过了as a reinforcement,all the discussion participants are now well organized in an orderly pattern.However,abbreviations could have been used for the names of the international organizations,and other measures could also be taken.C)Translation 3:人权问题在联合国内外都已经讨论过了。例如，在联合国机构之外，在七国集团和不结盟运动的峰会上，在美洲国家组织、非统、东盟、欧盟、独联体、里约集团中，在重要的地区与次地区论坛上，都已经讨论过了。Comments:In the present version,abbreviations are used,In the present version,abbreviations are used,the repetition of the repetition of 讨论过了讨论过了is avoided by is avoided by repetition of repetition of 在在.上（中）上（中）three times,and three times,and addition ofaddition of人权问题在联合国内外都讨论过了人权问题在联合国内外都讨论过了and and 例如例如 for the clarity of the ideas,coherence of for the clarity of the ideas,coherence of the text and improvement on the structure of the text and improvement on the structure of the translation as a whole.The addition of the translation as a whole.The addition of 在联在联合国内外合国内外,together with the repetition of,together with the repetition of 讨论过讨论过了了,is meaningful in that first,the implied,is meaningful in that first,the implied meaning is made explicit while the discussion meaning is made explicit while the discussion participants are made implicit;second,the participants are made implicit;second,the translation now assumes an explicit deductive translation now assumes an explicit deductive pattern of development,that is,development pattern of development,that is,development from general to specific.from general to specific.Original 2:Parallel to this,the High Commissioner has initiated Parallel to this,the High Commissioner has initiated and vigorously pursued the restructuring of the Centre and vigorously pursued the restructuring of the Centre for Human Rights with the aim of ensuring a secretariat for Human Rights with the aim of ensuring a secretariat capable of providing the highest standards of work to capable of providing the highest standards of work to respond effectively to an ever-growing number of respond effectively to an ever-growing number of mandates and human rights challenges around the mandates and human rights challenges around the world.The Commission on Human Rights is a unique world.The Commission on Human Rights is a unique world forum with primary objective being to make the world forum with primary objective being to make the enjoyment of human rights a reality for all people.This enjoyment of human rights a reality for all people.This can only be achieved by translating principles and norms can only be achieved by translating principles and norms into concrete deeds affecting the way people live.In into concrete deeds affecting the way people live.In doing so,the Commission on human rights can also give doing so,the Commission on human rights can also give greater impetus to the initiatives being undertaken by greater impetus to the initiatives being undertaken by the High Commissioner.It is essential that the the High Commissioner.It is essential that the Commission,as the most important forum dedicated to Commission,as the most important forum dedicated to human rights,accord the High Commissioner the support human rights,accord the High Commissioner the support needed for forging greater determination in promoting needed for forging greater determination in promoting and protecting all human rights.and protecting all human rights.1)Analysis of the original:A)Grammatical analysisB)Stylistic analysisA)Grammatical analysis:(1)Sentence structure(2)Additional complication(3)Notes(1)Sentence structure:The selection consists of five sentences in all,and of the five sentences,the first is a simple sentence;the second is also a simple sentence but with an absolute nominal construction embedded;the next two are also simple sentences but the last is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a subject clause.(2)Additional complication：The first sentence begins with an adjective phrase and it could be reduced to such a backbone structure asthe High Commissioner has initiated and pursued with the aim of.(3)Notes：In the first sentence,In the first sentence,a secretariat capable a secretariat capable ofofmeans means a secretariat that is capable ofa secretariat that is capable of.And also.And also in the sentence,in the sentence,provideprovide to to meansmeans to to provide provide in order toin order to.In the second sentence,.In the second sentence,with primary with primary objective being to make the enjoymentobjective being to make the enjoyment is an is an absolute nominal construction.Again in the second absolute nominal construction.Again in the second sentence,sentence,make make a reality for all people a reality for all people assumes assumes the structure of the structure of make+object+object complementmake+object+object complement.In In It is essential thatIt is essential that in the last sentence,the that in the last sentence,the that clause serves as the real subject,andclause serves as the real subject,and it it serves as the serves as the formal subject.The clause is in subjunctive mood.Also formal subject.The clause is in subjunctive mood.Also in the sentence,there is a pattern of in the sentence,there is a pattern of according according somebody somethingsomebody something.B)Stylistic analysis(1)Periodicity(2)Structural complication(3)Parallel structure(4)Cohesive device(5)Structural and lexical formality(1)Periodicity：Of the five sentences the selection consists Of the five sentences the selection consists of,the first,the fourth and the last are periodic of,the first,the fourth and the last are periodic while the other two are loose sentences.The while the other two are loose sentences.The three sentences are regarded as periodic in three sentences are regarded as periodic in that the first sentence begins with an adjective that the first sentence begins with an adjective phrase;the fourth begins with a prepositional phrase;the fourth begins with a prepositional phrase while the last begins with a formal phrase while the last begins with a formal subject,keeping the real subject further back.subject,keeping the real subject further back.Also in the last sentence,there is a parenthetic Also in the la