新古典经济学下的贸易.pptx

1Neoclassical trade theory:-Term of trade and welfare新古典经济学下的贸易：相对价格和福利Ch3.Neoclassical trade theoryCh 5,6,7 of Appleyard&Field233.1 theory of consumer(消费者理论消费者理论)3.1.1 Budget constrain(预算约束预算约束)X2X143.1.2 Fundamental of the consumers decision:Preference and Utility(消费者选择的基础：偏好和效用消费者选择的基础：偏好和效用)Preference and Utility：Axiom of Preference偏好公理Axiom 1:completeness(完备性公理)Axiom 2:Transitivity(传递性公理)Axiom 3:Reflexivity and monotonicity(自返性和单调性公理)Axiom4:convexity(偏好的“凸性”公理)Utility:Consumer indifference curve X2X1U1U2U3图（34）X2X1（x1，x2）（y1，y2）图（32）X2X1（x1，x2）（y1，y2）53.1.3 Optimality of consumers decisionMarginal Utility(MU,边际效用边际效用)&Marginal rate of substitution(MRS,边边际替代率际替代率)（1）MU and diminishing of Marginal 边际效用和边际效用递减边际效用和边际效用递减（2）Marginal Rate of Substitute,MRS(边际替代率边际替代率)Optimality of consumers decisionMU,MRS&diminishing of MU63.2 Production optimum under perfect competition 完全竞争下的生产者理论完全竞争下的生产者理论Ass1.input flexibility and substitution among input.Continuity ass production function(生产函数连续)Ass2.monotonicity of P-Function(严格递增)Ass3.Diminishing Marginal returns of factor(要素边际产出递减)Ass4.Concavity of P-function/convexity of technical of production(技术凸性假设和生产函数严格拟凹性)Ass5.Diminishing of Marginal rate of technical substitution(边际技术替代率递减)Ass6.constant of Returns of Scale(规模报酬不变)3.2.1 Assumptions of production 73.2.2 selection of producer:one production生产者的选择:成本最小化或利润最大化 83.2.3 Selection of the production:two goods optimum(K/L)2(K/L)1-(w/r)9103.2.4 Production possibility frontier(PPF):from Edgerworth Box to PPF(生产可能性边界生产可能性边界)Y2Y1O2O2O1O1113.3.1 封闭经济下的均衡封闭经济下的均衡3.3 From autarky to opening economy从封闭经济均衡到开放经济从封闭经济均衡到开放经济123.3.2 the relative price/term of trade of opening economy开放经济下的相对价格（范围的决定）开放经济下的相对价格（范围的决定）Homogeneity of the consumption13 Introduction of international tradeThe most important feature to keep in minds that the opening of a country to international trade means exposing the country to a new set of relative prices.When these different prices are available,the home countrys producers and consumers will adjust to them by reallocating their production and consumption patterns.The ultimate source of gain from international trade is the difference in relative prices in autarky between countries.In order to derive the pattern of trade between the countries,we proceed by first establishing what the relative product price is in each country without any trade,or in autarky.As we shall see,the pattern of autarky prices can then be used to predict the pattern of trade:a country will export the good whose free trade price is higher than its autarky price,and import the other.)143.3.3 Two countries gain from trade开放经济下的贸易互利（总福利改进）开放经济下的贸易互利（总福利改进）In autarky,the countries are in equilibrium at point A and B.With the opening of trade,it now faces the international terms of trade,Pw=(P1/P2)w.Given the relatively higher international price of the good1(for country A),production move from EA to the A,the point of tangency between the international term of trade and the PPF.At the same time,the good 2 is relatively less expensive at international prices,so consumers increase their relative consumption of it and begin consuming at point CA,where the terms of trade are tangent to the highest community indifference curve possible.The same situation also face by country B15Consumption gain(gains from exchange)refer to the gain that the exposure to new relative prices,even without changes in production,enhances the welfare of the country.U1A to U1,AProduction gain(gains from specialization)refer to the gain not cause by change of relative price,but the change of production.The consumption and production gains from trade163.3.4 Minimum conditions for tradeTrade between countries with identical PPFs(生产可能性边界相同，偏好不同生产可能性边界相同，偏好不同)17Trade between countries with identical demand conditionsNo trade when resemble on both PPFs and utility183.4.1 trade triangle approachWith free trade and terms of trade(P1/P2)the countrys trade pattern is reflected in trade triangle.3.4.Offer curves and the terms of tradeA countrys offer curvesThe offer curve(or reciprocal demand curve)of a country indicates the quantity of imports and exports the country is willing to buy and sell on world markets at all possible relative prices.3.4.2.The shifts of the offer curves