Lecture6EnglishLiterature分析.pptx

Week6BritishLiteratureGoalsforthisunitHaveageneralunderstandingoftheEnglishliteraturehistoryGettoknowdifferentstagesofEnglishliteratureCometoknowtheimportantfiguresandtheirworksatdifferenttimesThedevelopmentofEnglishEnglishliteraturebeginsaround8thcenturyinalanguagethatfewtodaywouldrecognizeasEnglish,calledOldEnglishorAnglo-Saxon,itwasthelanguageofEnglandforalongtimebeforeA.D.1066.GraduallyOldEnglishchangedintoMiddleEnglish,thelanguageinwhichChaucersworksarewritten.Itisstrangeandrequiresspecialstudyforfullunderstanding.BythetimeofQueenElizabethIsreign(1558-1603),Englishwasbasicallyasitistoday.IntheworksofShakespeareandlaterintheKingJamesVersionoftheBible,Englishreacheditspeakofpurityandbeauty.Englishliterature：450-1066OldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period1066-1500MiddleEnglish(orMedieval)Period16thcentury1500-1660theRenaissance1558-1603ElizabethanAge17thcentury18thcentury1660-1785theNeoclassicalPeriod19thcentury1798-1832RomanticPeriod1832-1901VictorianAge20thcentury(一战后modernism,二战后postmodernism)TheperiodofOldEnglishliteraturerefersto_A449-1066B14thcentury-mid17thcenturyC449-1660D16thcentury-mid18thcenturyOldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)periodKey wordsEpicBeowulfEpic(史诗)Anextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,celebratingthefeatsofalegendaryortraditionalhero.史诗：用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsdoesnotrefertoepic?AalongversenarrativeBonaserioussubjectCtoldinaninformalstyleDcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureOldEnglishLiteratureThestudyofEnglishLiteratureusuallybeginswiththeAnglo-SaxonepicpoemBeowulf.Fromthenamesofhistoricalpersonsmentioned,wecanplacethetimeofitsstoryaroundthe6thcentury.epic n.史诗，叙事诗 Beowulf n.贝奥武夫(有记载的最早一部英国文学作品)ThenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxonsis_.ARobinHoodBSirGawainandtheGreenKnightCTheCanterburyTalesDBeowulfBeowulf简介全诗内容分为两部分：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（KingHrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。ThesceneofBeowulfisnotEnglandbutDenmark.BeowulfisaChristianepic.itsherokingstandsforChristianvirtues.Heliveshislifeandgoestodeathindevotedservicetootherpeople.ReferencestoBiblicalstoriesarefrequentinBeowulf,andGrendelissaidtobedescendedfromCain,thefirstmurderer.TherootsofEnglishLiteratureliedeepinthetalesofDenmarkandotherScandinaviancountries.Formanyyears,theirVikingraiderssweptintoBritain.TheDanesgripuponEnglandwasnotbrokenuntilthetimeofAlfredtheGreat,lateinthe9thcentury.ItistheonlyMonarch,Englandhashonoredas“theGreat”.AfoundationstoneofEnglishhistoryistheAnglo-SaxonChronicle.TheChroniclegivestheeventsofEnglishhistoryfromtheRomaninvasionofBritainin54B.C.tothemiddleofthe12thcentury.ItwasbegunbyAlfred.1066-1500MiddleEnglishPeriodKey wordsChaucer The Canterbury Tales(heroic couplet)Chaucer,theMasterByfarthegreatestnameinMiddleEnglishliteratureisthatofGeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400).Thispoetwasalsoanexperiencedmanoftheworld.Heenjoyedthefavorofthreekings:EdwardIII,RichardII,andHenryIV,andheldmanyresponsiblepostsingovernment.InhisyouthheservedintheFrenchwarsandwastakenprisoner.HisdutiesfortheCrowntookhimtoItaly,whichwasasourceformanyofhislatertales.Hewasahungryreader,andaproductivepoetofsuchmeritthatheisnamedinthattrioofEnglishpoetrygiants:Chaucer,Shakespeare,andMilton.杰弗雷乔叟,(约13431400)诗人。做过宫廷侍童，后参加对法作战时被俘，翌年由国王赎回。后与王后寝宫的女官结婚，此后多次代表爱德华三世出使欧洲大陆，遇见过薄伽丘与彼特拉克，这对他的文学创作产生了很大的影响。乔叟在失宠期间，被剥夺了官位和年金，经济拮据。他曾写过打油诗致空囊给刚登基的亨利四世，申诉自己的贫穷。1400年乔叟逝世，安葬在伦敦威斯敏特斯教堂的“诗人之角”(PoetsCorner)，他也是第一位葬于此的诗人。坎特伯雷故事集是英国作家乔叟的小说。作品描写一群香客聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里，准备去坎特伯雷城朝圣。店主人建议香客们在往返途中各讲两个故事，看谁讲的最好。故事集包括了23个故事，其中最精彩的故事有：骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事、巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事、卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故事、教士讲的动物寓言故事、商人讲的家庭纠纷的故事、农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事。作品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活，揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善，谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义，肯定了世俗的爱情生活。坎特伯雷故事集的艺术成就很高，远远超过了以前同时代的英国文学作品，是英国文学史上现实主义的第一部典范。TheCanterburyTaleswasoriginallywritteninHeroicCouplet.WhatisHeroicCouplet?Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体It happened in that season that one dayIn Southwark,at the Tabard,as I layReady to go on pilgrimage and start For Canterbury,most devout at heart,At night there came into that hostelrySome nine and twenty in a companyOf sundry folk happening then to fallIn fellowship,and they were pilgrims all坎特伯雷故事集坎特伯雷故事集中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成，对中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成，对后来的英国文学产生了影响。人物形象鲜明，语言生动后来的英国文学产生了影响。人物形象鲜明，语言生动活泼。乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作，也为英活泼。乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作，也为英国文学语言奠定了基础。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的国文学语言奠定了基础。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，因而乔叟被誉为英国诗人所广泛采用，因而乔叟被誉为“英国诗歌之父英国诗歌之父”。ChaucerscontributionsFatherofEnglishpoetry1.IntroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetry2.wrotehismasterpieceTheCanterburyTalesinhisnativelanguage,thusgreatlycontributedtothefoundingoftheEnglishlanguage.ItisGeoffreyChauceralonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.16thcentury1500-1660theRenaissance1558-1603ElizabethanAgeInthelongreignofElizabethI,Englandbecametheleadingseapower.ItsentexplorerstomakesettlementsintheNewWorldoftheAmericas.Itexperiencedaburstofideasandliterarybrillianceofthefirstorder.WhenwasElizabethIcametothethroneofEngland?A)1538.B)1548.C.1568.D)1558.Renaissanceaculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe17thcentury.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedarevivaloflearningbasedonclassicalsources,thedevelopmentoflinearperspectiveinpainting,andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform.FiguresinEnglishRenaissanceThomas More(1478-1535):Utopia 1516Sir Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542)Francis Bacon(1561-1626):the EssaysWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616)“All the world s a stage,And all the men and women merely players.”16thcenturyEarlyinthecentury,SirThomasMore(1478-1535)wrotearemarkablebook,UtopiaUtopia.ItstitlecomesfromtheGreekwordmeaning“nowhere”.IttellsofajourneytoanimaginaryislandnamedUtopia,whereanidealformofsocietyexists.FromPlatotomoderntimescertainwritershavecreatedimaginaryperfectsocieties.Moresbookhasplacedawordinourvocabulariesandgiventhenametoallliteratureofthiskind,whichhassincebeencalledUtopian.Inthe16thcentury,ThomasMoreswork_becameimmediatelypopularafteritspublication.AParadiseLostBAPleasantSatireoftheThreeEstates(SirDavidLyndsay,16世纪苏格兰诗人)COfBeautyDUtopiaAmongthepre-Elizabethanpoetsofthiscentury,SirThomasWyatt(1503-42),withtheEarlofSurrey(1517-47),establishedthesonnet,a14-linepoem,asanEnglishverseform.ItwasadoptedfromanItaliantraditionbutbecameamajorforminallEnglishpoetrythatfollowed.Thomas Wyatt wait:托马斯怀亚特 Earl of Surrey sri：萨利伯爵 Sonnet snit:十四行诗ShakespearesplaysShakespearesplaysfallintocategoriesorclasses.Heexcelledineachkind.ThetragediesincludeRomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.AmongthecomediesareThetamingoftheShrew(驯悍记),AMidsummerNightsDream,AsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜),TwelfthNight(第十二夜),andTheTempest.ShakespeareschronicleplaysbasedonEnglishhistory,includesuchmasterworksasRichardIII,RichardII,HenryIVpartsIandII,andHenryV.JuliusCaesar(凯撒大帝)andAntonyandCleopatra(安东尼和克利奥帕特拉)areoutstandingtragediesonclassicalthemes.Othello uelu奥赛罗 KingLear：李尔王Macbeth mkbe麦克白ThefourgreattragedieswrittenbyShakespeareareHamlet,Macbeth,Othelloand_.A.AnthonyandCleopatraB.JuliusCaesarCTwelfthNightDKingLearWhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtoShakespearesromanticlovecomedies?ATwelfthNightBAntonyandCleopatraCAsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜）DTheMerchantofVenice17thcenturyKey wordsThe King James Bible Francis BaconJohn MiltonJohn Bunyan17thCenturyTheKingJamesBibleApermanentmonumentofEnglishliterarystylecommemoratesJamesname.HeorderedthetranslationoftheHolyScripturesknownastheKingJamesBible(1611).FormanygenerationsitexertedagreaterinfluenceonstyleandstandardsoftastethananyothersingleworkinEnglish.Commemorate kmemreit 纪念 Holy Scriptures 圣经FrancisBacon培根培根于1561年出生于伦敦，是伊丽莎白一世手下一位高级政府官员的次子。其父是掌玺大臣。培根是父亲第二位妻子的最小儿子。十二岁进入剑桥大学，攻读神学，三年后中途辍学，未获得学位。培根十八岁时，他的父亲猝死，未给他留下什么钱财。因此他开始攻读法律，二十一岁时找到一个律师的职业。1602年，伊丽莎白去世，詹姆士一世继位。由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并，受到詹姆士的大力赞赏。培根因此平步青云。曾被任命为枢密院顾问，掌玺大臣，英格兰的大法官，授封为男爵，子爵。1621年，培根被国会指控贪污受贿，被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅，监禁于伦敦塔内，终生逐出宫廷，不得任议员和官职。虽然后来罚金和监禁皆被豁免，但培根却因此而身败名裂。从此培根不理政事，开始专心从事理论著述。1626年3月底，培根坐车经守伦敦北郊。当时他正在潜心研究冷热理论。当路过一片雪地时，他突然想作一次实验，他宰了一只鸡，把雪填进鸡肚，以便观察冷冻在防腐上的作用。但由于他身体孱弱，经受不住风寒的侵袭，支气管炎复发，病情恶化，于1626年4月9日清晨病逝。EssaysandOtherProseTheEssaysofFrancisBaconmadepopularinEnglishaliteraryformwidelypracticedafterward.BaconwasapublicfigureandstatesmanofimportanceunderbothElizabethandJames,risingtothehighpostoflordchancellor.Itisthemostinformalandcasualofhisworks,theEssays,thatisreadmostoften.Essay:随笔,小品文。Prose:包括诗歌以外的一切非韵文体裁，诸如小说、戏剧、日记、书信、游记等等 Francis Bacon fra:nsis beikn弗朗西斯培根 lord chancellor:大法官兼上议院议长FrancisBaconisbestknownforhiswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.A.essaysB.poemsC.worksDplaysJohnMilton(1608-1674)thegreatestpoetofthe17thcenturythegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespearethemostimportanttransitionalpoetofthetime:humanistideals&Puritanmoralsclassic&revolutionaryMasterpieceParadiseLostParadiseRegained.SamsonAgonistesJohnBunyan(约翰班扬)约翰约翰班扬班扬(John Bunyan，16281688)和莎士比亚齐名天路历程被称为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式的篇章。是除了圣经之外流传最广、翻译文字最多的书籍。许多文学史家将他和莎士比亚、米尔顿相提并论，把天路历程与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教体文学杰作世界三大宗教体文学杰作，班扬也被公认为英国通俗文学的鼻祖。Themostfamousreligiousallegory,usuallycalledsimplyPilgrimsProgress,describesadream.Christian,thepilgrim,fleesfromtheCityofDestruction.Heencountersmanydifficulties,dangers,andtemptationsinsuchplacesastheSloughofDespond（绝境）,DoubtingCastleoftheGiantDespair,andVanityFair（名利场）.WhiletravelinghemeetssuchpersonsasMr.Worldly,Wiseman,Faithful,andGood-will.AtlasthereachestheCelestialCity(天国).AsecondpartofPilgrimsprogressdescribesthelaterjourneyofChristianswifeandchildren.JohnBunyan（1628-1688）PilgrimsProgress(allegory)天路历程宗教寓言故事，书中流传下来的词汇：揭丑人(muckraker)，市井圣人(worldly-wiseman)，名利场(VanityFair)，失望泥沼(thesloughofdespond)耻辱山谷(thevalleyofhumiliation)18thcenturyKey words:JonathanSwiftAlexanderPopeSamuelJohnsonRobertBurns,WilliamBlakesDanielDefoeTheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectual movementwhichflourishedinFrance(Voltaire,Rousseau,Montesquieu)and sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceanditspurposewastoenlighten the whole worldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreason,equality,science andadvocateduniversal education.FamousEnglishenlightenersareThomasHobbes,JohnLocke,EdwardHerbert,AlexanderPope,etc.JonathanSwift1667-1745AModestProposal,TheTaleofTub,GulliversTravels1726The1stvoyageistoLilliput,thelandoftinypeople.The2ndtoBrobdingnag,thelandofGiants.Ittouchesveryvice,folly,andmereweaknessofmankind.Init4thpart,thehumanrace,representedbyfilthycreaturescalledYahoos（人形兽）,isknownasinferiortoanoblebreedofthinking,talking,high-mindedhorsesknownasHouyhnhnms.InthefirstpartofGulliversTravels,GullivertoldhisexperienceinA.LilliputB.BrobdingnagC.HouyhnhnmD.EnglandInwhichnovelcanYahoobefound?AJohnBunyansPilgrimsProgressBJonathanSwiftsGulliversTravelsQuotesfromAlexanderPope(1688-1744)Charmsstrikethesight,butmeritwinsthesoul.To err is human,to forgive,divine.A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep,or taste not the Pierian(谬斯女神的)spring.Readmore:http:/ Johnson字典编纂家字典编纂家,文学评论家文学评论家he complied the first dictionary of the English language on historical principles;he was the subject of Boswells incomparable biography;he left us an unparalleled series of biographical prefaces to the English poetsWhyisSamuelJohnsoncalled“dictionaryJohnson”?AbecauseheknowsalotmorethanotherwritersinwordsBbecauseheoftenconsultsanencyclopediawhilewriting.CbecauseheisamasterofEnglishlanguageDbecauseheistheauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionary.DanielDefoe1661-1731RobinsonCrusoe,1719MollFlanders,1722AJournalofthePlagueYearPre-romanticismWilliamBlakeSongsofinnocenceSongsofexperienceRobertBurnsARed,RedRoseAuldLangSyne“AuldLangSyne”waswrittenbytheauthorof_.AARed,RedRoseBTiger19thcentury1798-1832RomanticPeriod1832-1901VictorianAgeLakepoetsWilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridgeOtherromanticpoetsThreemanbroughttheromanticmovementtoitsheight.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824),JohnKeats(1795-1821)PercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)GeorgeGordonByronwasmostfamousfor_.ADonJuanBOdetothewestwindCKublakhanDOdetoanightingalePrometheusunboundwaswrittenby_whoalsowrote_.AGeorgeGordonByronChildeHeraldsPilgrimageBPercyByssheShelleyOdetoanightingaleCGeorgeGordonByronOdetowestwindDPercyByssheShelleyOdetowestwindnovelistsinromanticperiodJane AustenBelonged chronologically to the romantic revival,but she was still chiefly influenced by neoclassical forms in her own approach to fiction.She developed psychological novel of manners.Sir Walter ScottThe first great pan-European novelist and poet“Threeoffourfamiliesinacountryvillageissomethingtowork.”Thisstatementwaspresentedby_.AEmilyBronteBJaneAustenCMrs.GaskellDGeorgeEliot奥斯丁通过对熟悉的人和事物的描写展示了她所生活的英国乡绅阶层的生活景观，她认为“一个乡村中的三四户人家是合适的写作对象。”WalterScottshistoricalnovelscoveralongperiodoftime,fromtheMiddleAgesto18thcentury.HisworkIvanhoedealsanepochof_history.AEnglishBFrenchCScotlandDIrish司各特的历史小说通常被分为三类：以苏格兰历史为背景的小说有罗布.罗伊(RobRoy),以英国历史为背景的小说有艾凡赫(Ivanhoe)，以欧洲其他国家历史为背景的小说有昆丁.达威特（QuentinDurward）。1832-1901theVictorianPeriodCharlesDickensTheBrontesWilliamMakepeaceThackeray(Hisworkattractedmoreadmirationinhisowndaythanitgenerallydoesinours)GeorgeEliot(worksthatwerelong,morallyawarebutagrippingread,bothemotionallyfrankandintellectuallyrigorous,andpresentedinastyleofcontrolledelegance)AfterAdamBede,_wroteTheMillontheFlossandSilasMarnerinwhichmoralproblemsarediscussedandpsychologicalanalysisofcharactersareemphasized.AGeorgeEliotBJaneAustinCCharlesDickensDCharlotteBronteWhichofthefollowingwritingisnottheworkbyCharlesDickens?A.ATaleofTwoCitiesB.HardTimesC.OliverTwistD.SonsandLovers19世纪后期的作家世纪后期的作家OscarWildeLadyWindermeresFan(1892)AnIdealHusband(1895)RobertLouisStevenson:TreasureIslandLewisCarrollAlicesAdventureintheWonderworldThomasHardyTessoftheDUrbervillesThe20thcenturyKeyfigures:William Butler YeatsJoseph Conrad John GalsworthyD.H.Lawrence James JoyceVirginia Woolf E.M.ForsterGeorge Bernard Shaw poetryWilliamButlerYeats:anIrishpoetanddramatistandoneoftheforemostfiguresof20thcenturyliterature.In1923,hewasawardedaNobelPrizeinLiterature.WhenYouareOldSailingtoByzantiumTheIsleofInnisfreeThe Lake Isle of InnisfreebyW.B.YeatsIwillariseandgonow,andgotoInnisfree,Andasmallcabinbuildthere,ofclayandwattlesmade:Ninebean-rowswillIhavethere,ahiveforthehoney-bee;Andlivealoneinthebee-loudglade.AndIshallhavesomepeacethere,forpeacecomesdroppingslow,Droppingfromtheveilsofthemorningtowherethecricketsings;Theremidnightsallaglimmer,andnoonapurpleglow,Andeveningfullofthelinnetswings.Iwillariseandgonow,foralwaysnightanddayIhearlakewaterlappingwithlowsoundsbytheshore;WhileIstandontheroadway,oronthepavementsgrey,Ihearitinthedeepheartscore.我就要动身走了，去茵纳斯弗岛搭起一个小屋子，筑起泥笆房；支起九行云豆架一排蜜蜂巢。独个儿住着，荫阴下听蜂群歌唱。我就会得到安宁，它徐徐下降，从朝雾落到蟋蟀歌唱的地方；午夜是一片闪亮，正午是一片紫光，傍晚到处飞舞着红雀的翅膀。我就要动身走了，因为我听到那水声日日夜夜轻拍着湖滨；不管我站在车行道或灰暗的人行道，都在我心灵的深处听见这声音。袁可嘉译20thcenturyfictionJoseph Conrad Heart of Darkness 1902John Galsworthy The Forsyte Saga(The man of property)1922D.H.Lawrence Sons and Lovers,1916 Lady Chatterlays Lo