北京专版2020中考英语复习方案第一篇话题分层复习话题17历史与社会国家与民族历史文化名家名作等试题.docx

　话题17　历史与社会(国家与民族、历史、文化、名家名作等)　
主题语篇阅读
Ⅰ.[2018·昌平二模] 完形填空
People Just Like Us

　　I was not interested in the school project on ancient cultures at all, especially things about Egypt (埃及), but Grace, my research partner, insisted the ancient Egyptians were interesting, and said I would 　1　 my mind for sure. 
　　“Learning about these ancient people is so boring,” I said.
　　“It’s not! Don’t be sure until you’ve learned about them,” said Grace.
　　I had to say Grace had a 　2　. So the next Saturday, I found myself at the Museum of Natural History, which had a big show on ancient Egypt. 
　　“So ancient Egyptians were pretty undeveloped, right?” I asked Grace as we waited in line for our tickets. “I mean, they didn’t have much 　3　, did they? Well, except for the pyramids (金字塔)—didn’t the Egyptian kings live in the pyramids?” 
　　Grace just kept silent and pushed me forward.
　　The show set me straight about the pyramids. I learned that they were tombs (墓) of the ancient kings, not their 　4　. I also found out the great pyramid at Giza was huge, standing 500 feet tall when it was first built! 
　　As I walked farther, I was 　5　 to find a show on ancient sports. I saw paintings showing people playing a game with a ball. Just for a moment, I could 　6　 ancient Egyptian kids beside the Nile River hitting around a ball, just as I do with my friends. And the next show was all about how the ancient Egyptians treasured their children. A child was considered a great gift to the family. 
　　“So what do you think of these 　7　 ancient people now?” Grace asked. 
　　“You were right,” I said. “Ancient Egyptians are much more interesting than I 　8　. In fact, I know just what title to give our project. We’ll call it ‘People Just Like Us’!” 
(　　)1.A.keep B.change C.lose D.follow
(　　)2.Aword B.plan C.point D.way
(　　)3.A.technology B.difference C.confidence D.information
(　　)4.A.fields B.grounds C.schools D.homes
(　　)5.A.tired B.careful C.surprised D.nervous
(　　)6.A.explain B.picture C.show D.enjoy
(　　)7.A.boring B.impatient C.funny D.exciting
(　　)8.A.searched B.studied C.experienced D.expected
Ⅱ.[2019·海淀一模] 阅读理解
　　For years, the word “popular” has been demonized (妖魔化) and made the same as mini-skirt-wearing, hair-coloring cheerleader types like Regina George in Mean Girls. Today, teachers and parents inform children that being popular is irrelevant (不相干的), unnecessary and a sure shortcut to upset, misery, and death. And some people describe popular students as the ones most likely to burn out and end up as nobody, while their less well-liked counterparts enjoy a life of wealth and fame.
However, the Oxford English Dictionary defines (定义) popularity as: “The state or condition of being liked, admired, or supported by many people.” This sounds like a lovely thing, and is not related to such behaviors as “burn books” or “three-way phone calls” in Mean Girls.
In fact, it is a truth widely acknowledged that young people who feel liked or supported are more likely to obtain impressive achievements than those who feel lonely, unvalued, and irrelevant socially. So why, then, is popularity given such a bad name? Why is this state of well-likedness so demonized?
Basically, the hatred (恨) shown toward what appears to be a very pleasant thing is caused by lack of understanding. When we, as viewers, see characters such as Regina Georges on TV and in films, we recognize them to be popular. These characters, if not exactly liked, are greatly admired by their peers (同伴). Our mistake comes when we try to understand their cruel and unkind actions using the deduction (推论) method. Humans are imperfect, and even the most intelligent mind is open to dishonesty through a very small slip in logic. Unfortunately, this occurs here with branding results.
We first learn that a character is popular. Since this is important to the plot, it is constantly emphasized, leading it to be the most common thing in our minds when we consider the character. Later, we see that character do something unkind. The character’s most noticeable characteristic (in our minds) is his/her popularity. And now the character is mean and unkind. This character is popular. Therefore, we jump to a quick conclusion (结论) that popular people are mean and unkind.
Things such as improper behaviors and rumor-spreading are terrible and should always be seen in a very serious light. However, it is important to recognize that these are not the behaviors of popular people, but bullies.
So, in summary, do not be afraid to be popular and have many friends. If you are kind to everyone and treat others with respect, there will be few who can criticize you, for being widely liked is not a curse but a blessing. Just remember that being popular does give you a degree of power, and with great power comes a large electricity bill!
9.The writer mentions the definition of popularity in Paragraph 2 to 　　　　. (　　) 
A.bring up his opinion B.give an example
C.come to a conclusion D.offer his suggestion
10.What can we learn from the passage? (　　)
A.Being popular might offer a shortcut to a life of wealth.
B.Students who feel supported have a better chance to achieve more.
C.Popular students are usually famous but mean and unkind.
D.The less well-liked people consider being popular as something bad.
11.Paragraphs 4 and 5 are mainly about 　　　　. (　　) 
A.the importance of being admired by peers
B.the ways to clear up some misunderstanding
C.the advantages and disadvantages of being popular
D.the reasons why people show hatred to being popular
12.The writer probably agrees that 　　　　. (　　) 
A.cheerleader types will surely end up as nobody
B.being popular is unnecessary for most students
C.treating others with kindness is beneficial to popular people
D.famous people are likely to make mistakes and be criticized
Ⅲ.[2019·房山一模] 回答问题
　　Cowboy hats are famous for their high crowns and wide brims. Cowboys like wearing the hat very much. Why do cowboys wear hats? Here’s a brief history of the cowboy hat which should answer your question!
John Stetson, a young hat maker from New Jersey, created the cowboy hat. Stetson happened to be on a trip, hunting for beavers (海狸). On this trip he used the beaver fur to make a hat. On the way he came across a cowboy who admired the hat and paid Stetson $5 for it. Ever since then, cowboys have been wearing “Stetsons” and similarly designed hats.
Why did cowboys like the Stetson hat so much? Maybe for the following reasons.
To protect against the weather. The wide brim of the hat keeps the sunlight out of the eyes. It also helps to protect the face and neck from sunburn. The tall crown of the hat provides a pocket of air as insulation (隔离) to help keep heat in winter. The animal-fur felt hats are the most waterproof. It acts like an umbrella keeping the rain, and snow out of the face.
Cowboys sleeping out in the open air could sometimes use their hats to shut out any light if they happened to be catching some shut eye during the day. They could even make a pillow out of their hat when sleeping out on the ground at night.
Sometimes, cowboy hats were used as water buckets (桶) to feed horses if they were weaved (编织) tightly enough!
Many people in the West wear cowboy hats today because it can look pretty! For some this is yet another benefit to wearing the hat, but for others this is the only reason for wearing it. And why not? Just as you don’t have to be a baseball player to wear a baseball cap, you don’t need to be a cowboy to enjoy wearing a cowboy hat.
13.Who created the cowboy hat?

14.How much did the cowboy pay Stetson for the hat?

15.What could cowboys do when sleeping out on the ground at night?

16.Why do many people in the West wear cowboy hats today?

17.What’s the passage mainly about?

【参考答案】
Ⅰ.1.B　2.C　3.A　4.D　5.C　6.B
7.A　8.D
Ⅱ.[主旨大意]本文是一篇议论文。一些家长和老师认为受欢迎会导致烦恼及痛苦,但作者并不这么认为。作者认为受欢迎的人更可能获得令人印象深刻的成就,所以不要害怕受欢迎,受欢迎是一种祝福。
9.A　目的意图题。根据上文“And some people describe popular students…”及下文“In fact, it is a truth widely acknowledged that young people who feel…”可推知,一些人认为受欢迎会导致烦恼及痛苦,但是牛津词典给出“受欢迎”的定义,随后提出观点:受欢迎的人更有可能获得令人印象深刻的成就。故选A。
10.B　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“In fact, it is a truth widely acknowledged that young people who feel liked or supported are more likely to obtain impressive achievements than those who feel lonely, unvalued, and irrelevant socially.”可知,与那些感到孤独、不受重视、与社会无关的人相比,那些感到受欢迎或受支持的年轻人更有可能获得令人印象深刻的成就。即感觉得到支持的学生有更好的机会获得更多。故选B。

11.D　主旨大意题。根据第四段第一句“Basically, the hatred shown toward what appears to be a very pleasant thing is caused by lack of understanding.”及第五段最后一句“Therefore, we jump to a quick conclusion that popular people are mean and unkind.”可推知,第四、五段主要解释人们憎恨受欢迎的原因。故选D。
12.C　 观点态度题。根据最后一段第二句“If you are kind to everyone and treat others with respect, there will be few who can criticize you, for being widely liked is not a curse but a blessing.”可知,如果你善待每一个人,很少有人能批评你,受欢迎会变成祝福。即善待他人有益于大众。故选C。
Ⅲ.13.John Stetson.
14.$5.
15.They could make a pillow out of their hat.
16.Because it can look pretty.
17.The history of the cowboy hats and why the cowboys wear them.
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